{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2585568815","doi":null,"title":"The impact of capital endowment on smallholder farmers\u2019 entrepreneurial drive in taking advantage of small-scale irrigation schemes : case studies from Makhathini and Ndumo B irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","display_name":"The impact of capital endowment on smallholder farmers\u2019 entrepreneurial drive in taking advantage of small-scale irrigation schemes : case studies from Makhathini and Ndumo B irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2585568815","mag":"2585568815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.ukzn.ac.za:10413/13975","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402416","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","host_organization_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070710799","display_name":"Nolwazi Hadebe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nolwazi Hadebe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070710799"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.7196999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.7196999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":0.26809999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-endowment","display_name":"capital endowment","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-scale-irrigation-schemes","display_name":"small-scale irrigation schemes","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-livelihoods","display_name":"rural livelihoods","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-heterogeneity","display_name":"farmer heterogeneity","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-productivity","display_name":"farmer productivity","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-value-chains","display_name":"agricultural value chains","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kwazulu-natal","display_name":"KwaZulu-Natal","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-gardeners","display_name":"home gardeners","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobit-model","display_name":"Tobit model","score":0.47600001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145197507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963482","display_name":"Endowment","level":2,"score":0.8556844592094421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.7078896760940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5633193254470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5190844535827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.4697704017162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44898536801338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4283261299133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.405559778213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3631334900856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.33819514513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2965657114982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2221078872680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.153509259223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.ukzn.ac.za:10413/13975","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402416","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","host_organization_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2585568815","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/13975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.ukzn.ac.za:10413/13975","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/13975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402416","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","host_organization_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"},{"score":0.7825999855995178,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322639","display_name":"Water Research Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/02qv02186"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2585568815.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2585568815.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":166,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9893157","https://openalex.org/W31328610","https://openalex.org/W49481477","https://openalex.org/W76483631","https://openalex.org/W159887079","https://openalex.org/W220961207","https://openalex.org/W312845570","https://openalex.org/W570511557","https://openalex.org/W1486100616","https://openalex.org/W1486354173","https://openalex.org/W1488070394","https://openalex.org/W1489267045","https://openalex.org/W1491268421","https://openalex.org/W1493048319","https://openalex.org/W1498576479","https://openalex.org/W1498900171","https://openalex.org/W1508755593","https://openalex.org/W1519226682","https://openalex.org/W1523900366","https://openalex.org/W1528643392","https://openalex.org/W1530796175","https://openalex.org/W1533739215","https://openalex.org/W1538934614","https://openalex.org/W1543889784","https://openalex.org/W1571729241","https://openalex.org/W1577898010","https://openalex.org/W1591470175","https://openalex.org/W1601635259","https://openalex.org/W1608578939","https://openalex.org/W1718428805","https://openalex.org/W1818134803","https://openalex.org/W1842355080","https://openalex.org/W1964124830","https://openalex.org/W1965272895","https://openalex.org/W1968211748","https://openalex.org/W1974523043","https://openalex.org/W1974901718","https://openalex.org/W1977561990","https://openalex.org/W1978573045","https://openalex.org/W1979995249","https://openalex.org/W1981847832","https://openalex.org/W1986590393","https://openalex.org/W1986772014","https://openalex.org/W1987521414","https://openalex.org/W1987673806","https://openalex.org/W1988606628","https://openalex.org/W1989264899","https://openalex.org/W1989554196","https://openalex.org/W1992474269","https://openalex.org/W1998676602","https://openalex.org/W2001975199","https://openalex.org/W2002552198","https://openalex.org/W2006038726","https://openalex.org/W2007445014","https://openalex.org/W2008312653","https://openalex.org/W2008920247","https://openalex.org/W2010640536","https://openalex.org/W2010842379","https://openalex.org/W2012545543","https://openalex.org/W2017360044","https://openalex.org/W2022845469","https://openalex.org/W2025150250","https://openalex.org/W2025975545","https://openalex.org/W2028734214","https://openalex.org/W2030162853","https://openalex.org/W2030367958","https://openalex.org/W2031152170","https://openalex.org/W2032800170","https://openalex.org/W2032859870","https://openalex.org/W2036123745","https://openalex.org/W2038845748","https://openalex.org/W2039802390","https://openalex.org/W2041093929","https://openalex.org/W2041718771","https://openalex.org/W2046308501","https://openalex.org/W2048589584","https://openalex.org/W2052055704","https://openalex.org/W2054747396","https://openalex.org/W2055205883","https://openalex.org/W2057060911","https://openalex.org/W2058850765","https://openalex.org/W2061977616","https://openalex.org/W2065442844","https://openalex.org/W2066731884","https://openalex.org/W2066941163","https://openalex.org/W2067017463","https://openalex.org/W2067219444","https://openalex.org/W2069512878","https://openalex.org/W2072058704","https://openalex.org/W2072948949","https://openalex.org/W2073336104","https://openalex.org/W2073398345","https://openalex.org/W2077844229","https://openalex.org/W2078631096","https://openalex.org/W2079013972","https://openalex.org/W2079630292","https://openalex.org/W2081993440","https://openalex.org/W2085491458","https://openalex.org/W2090285914","https://openalex.org/W2090402660","https://openalex.org/W2093552762","https://openalex.org/W2093815173","https://openalex.org/W2097123720","https://openalex.org/W2100546511","https://openalex.org/W2106544546","https://openalex.org/W2107387098","https://openalex.org/W2108344159","https://openalex.org/W2110418049","https://openalex.org/W2113952808","https://openalex.org/W2115951651","https://openalex.org/W2116381474","https://openalex.org/W2118098134","https://openalex.org/W2118264074","https://openalex.org/W2118277058","https://openalex.org/W2119843834","https://openalex.org/W2120275167","https://openalex.org/W2121161835","https://openalex.org/W2122078995","https://openalex.org/W2124758339","https://openalex.org/W2129380006","https://openalex.org/W2130527665","https://openalex.org/W2130855098","https://openalex.org/W2132967407","https://openalex.org/W2136077082","https://openalex.org/W2138575161","https://openalex.org/W2139786747","https://openalex.org/W2142399018","https://openalex.org/W2143157973","https://openalex.org/W2146342844","https://openalex.org/W2152820192","https://openalex.org/W2153525733","https://openalex.org/W2160254496","https://openalex.org/W2162146073","https://openalex.org/W2164128765","https://openalex.org/W2164846412","https://openalex.org/W2164928682","https://openalex.org/W2167328405","https://openalex.org/W2168689749","https://openalex.org/W2170798802","https://openalex.org/W2171300165","https://openalex.org/W2172139313","https://openalex.org/W2181711300","https://openalex.org/W2184602700","https://openalex.org/W2185328608","https://openalex.org/W2195071251","https://openalex.org/W2218257517","https://openalex.org/W2247497268","https://openalex.org/W2260812472","https://openalex.org/W2282742210","https://openalex.org/W2283565517","https://openalex.org/W2313340271","https://openalex.org/W2313720654","https://openalex.org/W2338717138","https://openalex.org/W2399348006","https://openalex.org/W2412669253","https://openalex.org/W2482621782","https://openalex.org/W2499117662","https://openalex.org/W2543894694","https://openalex.org/W2546891513","https://openalex.org/W2562903442","https://openalex.org/W2566910468","https://openalex.org/W3121553426","https://openalex.org/W3121993650","https://openalex.org/W3124642030","https://openalex.org/W3127539498","https://openalex.org/W4214838230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186229905","https://openalex.org/W2609905951","https://openalex.org/W3120785731","https://openalex.org/W2199774737","https://openalex.org/W6931389053","https://openalex.org/W2613175866","https://openalex.org/W2914631506","https://openalex.org/W6884936747","https://openalex.org/W2124037823","https://openalex.org/W2560641903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smallholder":[0,73],"irrigation":[1,16,62,219,255,387,414,503],"has":[2,34,75],"been":[3,429],"taken":[4],"across":[5],"the":[6,64,81,96,102,113,117,129,164,180,204,207,234,279,284,299,325,328,334,343,394,398,413,426,486],"developing":[7],"countries":[8],"as":[9,124,155,464],"a":[10,36,156,308,363,465,469],"means":[11,466],"of":[12,39,66,83,98,104,112,141,166,197,206,217,228,236,264,278,286,314,330,336,342,366,396,407,410,418,424,435,467],"poverty":[13],"reduction.":[14],"However,":[15],"schemes":[17,220],"have":[18,133],"failed":[19],"to":[20,46,101,120,178,202,214,232,282,296,322,361,412,478],"meet":[21],"these":[22],"goals":[23],"for":[24,171,351,402,489],"various":[25],"technical":[26],"and":[27,148,161,169,173,221,242,252,271,289,307,379,384,433,471,502,509],"institutional":[28],"reasons.":[29],"The":[30,195,225,275,390,447,481],"South":[31,67],"African":[32,68],"government":[33],"invested":[35],"significant":[37],"amount":[38],"funds":[40],"into":[41,50],"projects":[42],"that":[43,135,190,393,485],"are":[44,137],"meant":[45],"link":[47],"smallholder":[48,61,69,122],"farmers":[49,70,84,123,177,295,338,459,473],"commercial":[51,88],"agricultural":[52,89,105],"market":[53],"value":[54],"chains.":[55],"Despite":[56],"this":[57,151,198,229,352],"huge":[58],"investment":[59],"on":[60,210,246,292,333],"infrastructure,":[63],"performance":[65],"remains":[71],"unsatisfactory.":[72],"farming":[74,445,492],"shown":[76,134],"very":[77],"little":[78],"change":[79],"in":[80,87,128,139,250,339,382],"number":[82,395,423],"actively":[85],"participating":[86],"markets.":[90],"This":[91,257,302],"study":[92,230,280],"was":[93,201,231,258,281,303,349,359,400,455],"started":[94],"with":[95],"identification":[97],"several":[99],"barriers":[100],"development":[103,130,170],"businesses":[106],"at":[107],"small":[108,294],"production":[109,316,346],"scale.":[110],"One":[111],"key":[114],"challenges":[115],"is":[116,159,188],"misconception":[118],"related":[119],"visualising":[121],"homogeneous.":[125],"Many":[126],"studies":[127],"economics":[131],"literature":[132],"they":[136,184,191],"diverse":[138],"terms":[140],"preferences,":[142],"resource":[143],"endowments,":[144],"capabilities,":[145],"entitlements,":[146],"constraints,":[147],"opportunities.":[149],"\\nGiven":[150],"reality,":[152],"considering":[153],"them":[154],"homogenous":[157],"unit":[158],"inaccurate":[160],"it":[162,187],"hinders":[163],"process":[165],"action,":[167],"research":[168],"policy":[172],"management":[174],"interventions.":[175],"For":[176],"survive":[179],"increasingly":[181],"competitive":[182],"environment":[183],"operate":[185],"in,":[186],"imperative":[189],"possess":[192],"entrepreneurial":[193,212],"skills.":[194],"purpose":[196],"study,":[199],"therefore,":[200],"evaluate":[203,233],"impact":[205,235,285,326],"capital":[208,244,290],"endowment":[209,291],"on-farm":[211,248,287,331,448,512],"skills":[213],"take":[215],"advantage":[216],"small-scale":[218],"enhance":[222],"rural":[223],"livelihoods.":[224],"first":[226],"objective":[227,277],"human,":[237],"physical,":[238],"financial,":[239],"social,":[240],"natural":[241],"psychological":[243,496],"assets":[245],"unlocking":[247],"entrepreneurship":[249,288,332,449,513],"Makhathini":[251,383],"Ndumo":[253,385],"B":[254,386],"schemes.":[256],"done":[259,304],"using":[260,305,453],"descriptive":[261],"analysis,":[262],"Analysis":[263,269],"Variance":[265],"(ANOVA),":[266],"Principal":[267],"Component":[268],"(PCA)":[270],"two-limit":[272],"Tobit":[273,311],"regression.":[274],"second":[276],"examine":[283],"enabling":[293],"productively":[297],"use":[298],"scheme":[300,368,388,498,504],"infrastructure.":[301],"ANOVA":[306],"one-":[309],"limit":[310],"regression":[312],"estimation":[313],"cabbage":[315],"function.":[317],"Production":[318],"functions":[319],"were":[320,439],"estimated":[321,487],"find":[323],"out":[324],"(at":[327],"margin)":[329],"productivity":[335],"individual":[337],"each":[340],"category":[341],"respondents.":[344],"Cobb-Douglas":[345],"functional":[347],"form":[348],"chosen":[350],"analysis.":[353],"A":[354],"stratified":[355],"random":[356],"sampling":[357],"technique":[358],"used":[360],"obtain":[362],"sample":[364],"comprising":[365],"114":[367],"irrigators,":[369,372,499],"46":[370],"independent":[371],"24":[373],"home":[374],"gardeners,":[375,378],"15":[376],"community":[377],"22":[380],"non-irrigators":[381],"areas.":[389],"results":[391],"suggest":[392],"days":[397],"farmer":[399,490],"available":[401],"labour":[403],"per":[404],"week,":[405],"level":[406],"education,":[408],"distance":[409,505],"household":[411,427],"scheme,":[415],"total":[416],"size":[417],"land":[419],"operated,":[420],"crop":[421],"income,":[422],"years":[425],"had":[428],"receiving":[430],"child":[431,437],"grant":[432,438],"recipient":[434],"foster":[436],"all":[440],"statistically":[441,508],"significantly":[442,510],"different":[443],"within":[444],"groups.":[446],"competency":[450],"index":[451],"generated":[452],"PCA":[454],"dominated":[456],"by":[457],"motivated":[458],"who":[460,474],"perceived":[461],"their":[462],"farms":[463],"making":[468],"profit":[470],"ambitious":[472],"also":[475],"understand":[476],"how":[477],"motivate":[479],"people.":[480],"econometric":[482],"models":[483],"revealed":[484],"coefficients":[488],"gender,":[491],"experience,":[493],"education":[494],"level,":[495],"capital,":[497],"main":[500],"occupation":[501],"from":[506],"homestead":[507],"explained":[511],"competencies.":[514]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2017-02-10T00:00:00"}