{"id":"https://openalex.org/W258404200","doi":null,"title":"A Negative Utopia: Protest Memory and the Spatio-Symbolism of Civil Rights Literature and Photography","display_name":"A Negative Utopia: Protest Memory and the Spatio-Symbolism of Civil Rights Literature and Photography","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W258404200","mag":"258404200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:258404200","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-194963499/a-negative-utopia-protest-memory-and-the-spatio-symbolism","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43621796","display_name":"African American Review","issn_l":"1062-4783","issn":["1062-4783","1945-6182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315692","host_organization_name":"Saint Louis University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315692"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Louis University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"African American Review","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021482838","display_name":"Zoe Trodd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zoe Trodd","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021482838"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.8964999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.8964999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13268","display_name":"Photographic and Visual Arts","score":0.04989999905228615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14494","display_name":"American Literature and Culture","score":0.03420000150799751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-movement","display_name":"civil rights movement","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/richard-wright","display_name":"Richard Wright","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segregation","display_name":"segregation","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photography","display_name":"photography","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walter-benjamin","display_name":"Walter Benjamin","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/susan-sontag","display_name":"Susan Sontag","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-belt","display_name":"Black Belt","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-son","display_name":"Native Son","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/montgomery-bus-boycott","display_name":"Montgomery Bus Boycott","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/little-rock-nine","display_name":"Little Rock Nine","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selma-marches","display_name":"Selma marches","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medgar-evers","display_name":"Medgar Evers","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-rights","display_name":"voting rights","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-exclusion","display_name":"racial exclusion","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8038170","display_name":"Wright","level":2,"score":0.6395602226257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543662","display_name":"Possession (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5416439771652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779150620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096367","display_name":"Emptiness","level":2,"score":0.5335460305213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135068731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169049","display_name":"The Imaginary","level":2,"score":0.5259621143341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.42671582102775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3960622549057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35716190934181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3512710928916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3443295657634735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.27100425958633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.15109050273895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.13952967524528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10218322277069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:258404200","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-194963499/a-negative-utopia-protest-memory-and-the-spatio-symbolism","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43621796","display_name":"African American Review","issn_l":"1062-4783","issn":["1062-4783","1945-6182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315692","host_organization_name":"Saint Louis University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315692"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Louis University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"African American Review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36640017","https://openalex.org/W125192536","https://openalex.org/W562181556","https://openalex.org/W604510974","https://openalex.org/W606127884","https://openalex.org/W607058727","https://openalex.org/W658315807","https://openalex.org/W1514323676","https://openalex.org/W1517030200","https://openalex.org/W1546220008","https://openalex.org/W1572591950","https://openalex.org/W1974871957","https://openalex.org/W2035602692","https://openalex.org/W2045458544","https://openalex.org/W2084954094","https://openalex.org/W2098470544","https://openalex.org/W2120204383","https://openalex.org/W2123721032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W899703695","https://openalex.org/W3109170181","https://openalex.org/W277960256","https://openalex.org/W7139345521","https://openalex.org/W2996558380","https://openalex.org/W2438531984","https://openalex.org/W2499581398","https://openalex.org/W2124505225","https://openalex.org/W3034948556","https://openalex.org/W7047581862"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whereas":[0],"Aragon":[1],"persists":[2],"within":[3],"the":[163,417],"realm":[5],"of":[6,16,24,27,32,48,61,74,101,111,128,136,153,192,240,252,261,267,293,363,392,415,460,493,512,524,540,617,620,627,636,642,651],"dream,":[7],"here":[8,19],"concern":[10],"is":[11,21,52,70,168,419,495,498],"to":[12,58,171,229,245,277,316,389],"find":[13],"constellation":[15],"awakening":[17],"...":[18,89],"it":[20,497],"a":[615],"question":[23],"dissolution":[26],"'mythology":[28],"into":[29,579,639],"space":[31,62,75,292,461,494,508,523,572,641],"history--Walter":[33],"Benjamin":[34],"(Arcades":[35],"Project":[36],"[N":[37],"1,":[38],"9]":[39],"458)":[40],"As":[41],"photographs":[42],"give":[43],"people":[44,57],"an":[45,510,673],"imaginary":[46],"possession":[47,60],"past":[50],"that":[51,488,496,661],"unreal":[53],"they":[54,65,441,483],"also":[55,349,410,519],"help":[56],"take":[59],"in":[63,138,160,197,207,213,224,303,309,324,327,340,404,406,450,454,474,529,586,596,622,659,665,676],"which":[64,437,558],"are":[66,442],"insecure....":[67],"The":[214,225],"photograph":[69],"thin":[72],"slice":[73],"as":[76,78,119,481,509,546,608],"well":[77],"time.":[79],"In":[80,103],"world":[82],"ruled":[83],"by":[84,375,381,426],"photographic":[85],"images,":[86],"all":[87],"borders":[88],"seem":[90],"arbitrary--Susan":[91],"Sontag":[92],"(On":[93],"Photography":[94],"9)":[95],"Segregation":[96],"and":[97,122,155,183,220,243,249,269,297,326,378,384,432,469,526,577,625,644,646],"Deep":[99],"Space":[100],"Time":[102],"1940,":[104],"Richard":[105],"Wright":[106,188,235],"defined":[107],"central":[109],"struggle":[110],"burgeoning":[113],"Civil":[114,264,385,465],"Rights":[115,265,386,466],"Movement.":[116],"Imagining":[117],"segregation":[118,257],"both":[120],"physical":[121,156,268,291,527],"psychological,":[123],"he":[124,149],"juxtaposed":[125],"alleys":[127],"Black":[130],"Belt":[131],"with":[132,462],"centuries-long":[134],"chasm":[135],"emptiness":[137],"individuals":[139],"like":[140],"Bigger":[141,203],"Thomas":[142],"(How":[143],"xxvi,":[144],"xxvii).":[145],"Five":[146],"years":[147],"later,":[148],"again":[150],"fused":[151],"notions":[152,459],"psychological":[154],"exclusion,":[157],"this":[158,677],"time":[159],"South:":[162],"environment":[164],"South":[166],"creates":[167],"too":[169],"small":[170],"nourish":[172],"human":[173],"beings":[174],"(Black":[181],"Boy":[176,199],"3).":[177],"Further":[178],"fusing":[179],"literal":[180,248,361,458],"Belt)":[182],"symbolic":[184,270,352,413],"(centuries-long":[185],"chasm)":[186],"segregations,":[187],"created":[189],"series":[191],"confined":[193,522],"spaces--Big":[194],"Boy's":[195],"hole":[196],"Big":[198],"Leaves":[200],"Home":[201],"(1936),":[202],"Thomas's":[204],"coal":[205],"bunker":[206],"Native":[208],"Son":[209],"(1940),":[210],"sewer":[212],"Man":[215,226],"Who":[216,227],"Lived":[217],"Underground":[218],"(1942),":[219],"underground":[222],"corridors":[223],"Went":[228],"Chicago":[230],"(1945).":[231],"Across":[232],"his":[233],"canon,":[234],"used":[236],"cultural":[238],"borderland":[239],"manholes,":[241],"coal-bunkers,":[242],"sewers":[244],"express":[246],"figurative":[250,463],"margins":[251,624,638,652],"American":[253],"society.":[254],"(1)":[255],"Wright's":[256],"aesthetic":[258],"was":[259,359,409,614],"one":[260],"many":[262],"such":[263],"fusions":[266],"space.":[271,286,353],"From":[272],"Montgomery":[274],"bus":[275,308],"boycott":[276],"1965":[279,452],"march":[280],"from":[281,372,400,444],"Selma,":[282],"activists":[283,348,387],"battled":[284,350],"for":[285,289,351,428],"They":[287],"struggled":[288],"buses,":[294],"public":[295],"schools,":[296],"lunch":[298,344],"counters:":[299],"Rosa":[300],"Parks":[301],"remained":[302],"her":[304],"seat":[305],"on":[306,321],"1955;":[310],"Little":[312],"Rock":[313],"Nine":[314],"refused":[315],"accept":[317],"line":[319],"drawn":[320],"street":[323],"1957;":[325],"1960":[328],"six-year-old":[329],"Ruby":[330],"Bridges":[331],"integrated":[332],"William":[333],"Frantz":[334],"Public":[335],"School":[336],"while":[337,489],"four":[338],"freshmen":[339],"Greensboro":[341],"staged":[342],"counter":[345],"sit-in.":[346],"But":[347],"For":[354],"example,":[355],"ballot":[357],"box":[358],"site":[362,414],"segregation.":[364],"After":[365],"Reconstruction,":[366],"black":[367,396],"southerners":[368],"were":[369,553],"turned":[370,398,633],"away":[371,380,399],"voting":[373,402],"centers":[374],"white":[376],"clerks":[377],"driven":[379],"mob":[382],"violence,":[383],"pointed":[388],"example":[391],"Medgar":[393],"Evers,":[394],"veteran":[397],"booth":[403],"Mississippi":[405],"1946.":[407],"It":[408],"deeply":[412],"exclusion:":[416],"vote":[418],"most":[421],"powerful":[422],"instrument":[423],"ever":[424],"devised":[425],"man":[427],"breaking":[429],"down":[430],"injustice":[431],"destroying":[433],"terrible":[435],"walls":[436],"imprison":[438],"men":[439],"because":[440],"different":[443],"other":[445],"men,":[446],"concluded":[447],"Lyndon":[448],"Johnson":[449],"August":[451],"(qtd.":[453],"Lawson":[455],"3-4).":[456],"Fusing":[457],"notions,":[464],"activists,":[467],"writers,":[468],"artists":[470,632],"saw":[471],"their":[472,517],"battle":[473],"spatio-symbolic":[475],"terms.":[476],"Their":[477],"rhetoric":[478],"spatialized":[479],"segregation,":[480],"though":[482],"anticipated":[484],"Liam":[485],"Kennedy's":[486],"charge":[487],"our":[559],"common":[491],"understanding":[492],"simply":[499],"there,":[500],"intangible":[501],"but":[502],"given,":[503],"we":[504],"should":[505],"instead":[506,534],"consider":[507],"indicator":[511],"embedded":[513],"ideologies":[514],"(8).":[515],"And":[516],"representations":[518],"overthrew":[520],"civic":[525],"spheres":[528],"United":[531,667],"States,":[532],"creating":[533],"what":[535,580],"bell":[536],"hooks":[537],"calls":[538],"spaces":[539],"agency":[541],"Looks":[543],"116).":[544],"If,":[545],"Ralph":[547],"Ellison":[548],"once":[549,611],"claimed,":[550],"African":[551],"Americans":[552],"negative":[555,575,606],"ground":[576],"upon":[557],"society":[560],"shall":[561],"realize":[562],"its":[563],"goals":[564],"(Essays":[565],"351),":[566],"then":[567],"Movement":[569],"demanded":[570],"beyond":[573],"entry":[578],"Martin":[581],"Luther":[582],"King,":[583],"Jr.,":[584],"called":[585],"1956":[587],"choice":[589],"place":[590],"(The":[591],"'New":[592],"Negro'":[593],"19),":[594],"or":[595],"1968":[597],"promised":[599],"land":[600],"(I":[601],"Have":[602,680],"203).":[603],"Beyond":[604],"utopia,":[607],"Lutz":[609],"Niethammer":[610],"put":[612],"it,":[613],"cultivation":[616],"alternative":[618],"forms":[619],"life":[621],"cavities":[626],"system":[629],"(4,":[630],"9):":[631],"no-place":[635],"America's":[637],"resistance":[643],"freedom,":[645],"transformed":[647],"very":[649],"concept":[650],"(to":[653],"point":[655],"where":[656],"King":[657],"insisted":[658],"1963":[660],"anyone":[662],"who":[663],"lives":[664],"States":[668],"can":[669],"never":[670],"be":[671],"considered":[672],"outsider":[674],"anywhere":[675],"country":[678],"[I":[679],"85]).":[681],"\u2026":[682]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}