{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2581989065","doi":null,"title":"Characterization of Canine Leishmaniasis in the United States: Pathogenesis, Immunological Responses, and Transmission of an American Isolate of Leishmania infantum","display_name":"Characterization of Canine Leishmaniasis in the United States: Pathogenesis, Immunological Responses, and Transmission of an American Isolate of Leishmania infantum","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2581989065","mag":"2581989065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/26873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-104125/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047460918","display_name":"Alexa C. Rosypal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexa C. Rosypal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047460918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11899","display_name":"Brucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canine-leishmaniasis","display_name":"canine leishmaniasis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leishmania-infantum","display_name":"Leishmania infantum","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoonotic-visceral-leishmaniasis","display_name":"zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foxhounds","display_name":"foxhounds","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-infection-in-dogs","display_name":"experimental infection in dogs","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mouse-model","display_name":"mouse model","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase","display_name":"inducible nitric oxide synthase","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-cell-deficiency","display_name":"B cell deficiency","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcr-diagnosis","display_name":"PCR diagnosis","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-transmission","display_name":"vertical transmission","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenesis","display_name":"pathogenesis","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-response","display_name":"immune response","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781257258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1950789","display_name":"Leishmania infantum","level":4,"score":0.9059963226318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777625542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5032413","display_name":"Canine leishmaniasis","level":5,"score":0.7799526453018188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781092759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524818","display_name":"Leishmania","level":3,"score":0.6117369532585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776555147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331283","display_name":"Leishmaniasis","level":2,"score":0.6028256416320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5653971433639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.5622316598892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4420519173145294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.43121832609176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.423276424407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778689377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2046113","display_name":"Visceral leishmaniasis","level":3,"score":0.1859264075756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11252787709236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71928629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206","display_name":"Parasite hosting","level":2,"score":0.0682331919670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/26873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-104125/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2581989065","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/26873","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":151,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57875301","https://openalex.org/W83470407","https://openalex.org/W83623159","https://openalex.org/W93904677","https://openalex.org/W116276269","https://openalex.org/W137314869","https://openalex.org/W145752505","https://openalex.org/W292034416","https://openalex.org/W1444139391","https://openalex.org/W1481358372","https://openalex.org/W1520397820","https://openalex.org/W1523155551","https://openalex.org/W1558587709","https://openalex.org/W1567366168","https://openalex.org/W1582870359","https://openalex.org/W1672786836","https://openalex.org/W1772540997","https://openalex.org/W1811722234","https://openalex.org/W1870798169","https://openalex.org/W1882062365","https://openalex.org/W1895952713","https://openalex.org/W1914831259","https://openalex.org/W1926920634","https://openalex.org/W1966811661","https://openalex.org/W1969819979","https://openalex.org/W1973440893","https://openalex.org/W1974051529","https://openalex.org/W1975644913","https://openalex.org/W1978878058","https://openalex.org/W1979540890","https://openalex.org/W1980967470","https://openalex.org/W1981814668","https://openalex.org/W1982589742","https://openalex.org/W1982904037","https://openalex.org/W1983838249","https://openalex.org/W1983895762","https://openalex.org/W1986161474","https://openalex.org/W1989007014","https://openalex.org/W1991484350","https://openalex.org/W1992799902","https://openalex.org/W1994108418","https://openalex.org/W1994412261","https://openalex.org/W1995725063","https://openalex.org/W1995800630","https://openalex.org/W1996485781","https://openalex.org/W2000719201","https://openalex.org/W2001066680","https://openalex.org/W2002827850","https://openalex.org/W2003344022","https://openalex.org/W2009260586","https://openalex.org/W2010696604","https://openalex.org/W2011446133","https://openalex.org/W2014495036","https://openalex.org/W2016031511","https://openalex.org/W2021485169","https://openalex.org/W2026426362","https://openalex.org/W2027128438","https://openalex.org/W2027969728","https://openalex.org/W2028756766","https://openalex.org/W2030117676","https://openalex.org/W2030982793","https://openalex.org/W2032254505","https://openalex.org/W2033431194","https://openalex.org/W2033897673","https://openalex.org/W2035244662","https://openalex.org/W2037130630","https://openalex.org/W2039718635","https://openalex.org/W2044693407","https://openalex.org/W2048636029","https://openalex.org/W2049107176","https://openalex.org/W2049471765","https://openalex.org/W2050420759","https://openalex.org/W2052293121","https://openalex.org/W2052672937","https://openalex.org/W2054713047","https://openalex.org/W2057028848","https://openalex.org/W2057565592","https://openalex.org/W2059861139","https://openalex.org/W2060357580","https://openalex.org/W2064594615","https://openalex.org/W2064856457","https://openalex.org/W2065110380","https://openalex.org/W2068167921","https://openalex.org/W2070808222","https://openalex.org/W2072179326","https://openalex.org/W2077201370","https://openalex.org/W2078543128","https://openalex.org/W2080853210","https://openalex.org/W2082503141","https://openalex.org/W2083946109","https://openalex.org/W2084664326","https://openalex.org/W2087583835","https://openalex.org/W2088238276","https://openalex.org/W2090391739","https://openalex.org/W2095737595","https://openalex.org/W2096182185","https://openalex.org/W2096222436","https://openalex.org/W2097860961","https://openalex.org/W2098667805","https://openalex.org/W2101696199","https://openalex.org/W2105005554","https://openalex.org/W2109966400","https://openalex.org/W2110650231","https://openalex.org/W2113069783","https://openalex.org/W2114480545","https://openalex.org/W2115541332","https://openalex.org/W2123335590","https://openalex.org/W2129854312","https://openalex.org/W2129884342","https://openalex.org/W2129952998","https://openalex.org/W2132674987","https://openalex.org/W2136031368","https://openalex.org/W2138749645","https://openalex.org/W2138926979","https://openalex.org/W2141360780","https://openalex.org/W2143757810","https://openalex.org/W2144802819","https://openalex.org/W2146628582","https://openalex.org/W2148589496","https://openalex.org/W2150165275","https://openalex.org/W2151434103","https://openalex.org/W2153906003","https://openalex.org/W2156821940","https://openalex.org/W2158968362","https://openalex.org/W2162160321","https://openalex.org/W2162623444","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2165142588","https://openalex.org/W2165668075","https://openalex.org/W2167733785","https://openalex.org/W2168287669","https://openalex.org/W2170547097","https://openalex.org/W2176054461","https://openalex.org/W2176490243","https://openalex.org/W2177165618","https://openalex.org/W2188450199","https://openalex.org/W2239493731","https://openalex.org/W2311052219","https://openalex.org/W2323377824","https://openalex.org/W2329278245","https://openalex.org/W2369803027","https://openalex.org/W2404849597","https://openalex.org/W2410733826","https://openalex.org/W2413287525","https://openalex.org/W2429451551","https://openalex.org/W2766652629","https://openalex.org/W2905805476","https://openalex.org/W3140139051","https://openalex.org/W4301345400","https://openalex.org/W4313332019","https://openalex.org/W4407213482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097860961","https://openalex.org/W7045928461","https://openalex.org/W2095737595","https://openalex.org/W2072179326","https://openalex.org/W2117812048","https://openalex.org/W1987269179","https://openalex.org/W2093557430","https://openalex.org/W2413640223","https://openalex.org/W1974857036","https://openalex.org/W4282983755"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Leishmania":[0,24,267],"infantum,":[1],"an":[2],"etiologic":[3],"agent":[4],"of":[5,22,52,74,98,141,153,173,206,256,261,285,313,343],"zoonotic":[6],"visceral":[7],"leishmaniasis,":[8],"has":[9],"recently":[10],"emerged":[11],"in":[12,16,47,129,162,231,243,263,273,290,310,325,337,346],"the":[13,17,103,135,203,214,283,301,314,326],"foxhound":[14,66,327],"population":[15],"United":[18],"States":[19],"and":[20,58,82,111,139,150,170,176,183,190,210,247,258,341],"parts":[21,312],"Canada.":[23],"infections":[25,110,128,149,324],"are":[26],"usually":[27],"spread":[28],"to":[29,56,102,124,133,159,294,307,335],"mammals":[30],"by":[31,91,185,271],"infected":[32,65,87,144,222,280],"sand":[33,44],"flies,":[34],"however":[35],"epidemiological":[36],"data":[37],"do":[38],"not":[39],"support":[40],"a":[41,63,151,253,278,297],"role":[42],"for":[43,106,322],"fly":[45,317],"transmission":[46,241,260,299,318],"North":[48,75,291,347],"America.":[49,348],"The":[50,95],"purpose":[51],"this":[53,331],"work":[54,332],"was":[55,78,100,269],"isolate":[57],"characterize":[59],"L.":[60,286],"infantum":[61,287],"from":[62,67,275,277,330],"naturally":[64,163],"Virginia":[68],"(LIVT-1":[69],"isolate).":[70],"A":[71],"mouse":[72,85],"model":[73],"American":[76],"leishmaniasis":[77,309,345],"developed":[79,146],"using":[80],"immunocompetent":[81],"genetically":[83],"immunodeficient":[84],"strains":[86],"with":[88,208],"LIVT-1":[89,262,279],"promastigotes":[90],"different":[92],"inoculation":[93],"routes.":[94],"intravenous":[96],"route":[97,105],"infection":[99],"superior":[101],"subcutaneous":[104],"inducing":[107],"consistent":[108],"experimental":[109],"mice":[112,246],"lacking":[113],"interferon":[114],"gamma,":[115],"inducible":[116],"nitric":[117],"oxide":[118],"synthase,":[119],"or":[120,233],"B-cells":[121],"were":[122,131,157,195,249],"resistant":[123],"clinical":[125,154,339],"disease.":[126,165],"Experimental":[127],"dogs":[130,145,248],"performed":[132],"examine":[134],"infectivity,":[136],"immune":[137],"responses,":[138],"pathogenicity":[140],"LIVT-1.":[142],"Experimentally":[143],"parasitologically":[147],"proven":[148],"range":[152],"manifestations":[155],"that":[156,200],"similar":[158,306],"those":[160],"observed":[161],"occurring":[164],"Diagnostic":[166],"tests":[167],"including":[168],"culture":[169,209],"cytologic":[171],"evaluation":[172],"bone":[174],"marrow":[175],"lymph":[177],"node":[178],"aspirates,":[179],"polymerase":[180],"chain":[181],"reaction,":[182],"serology":[184],"indirect":[186],"fluorescent":[187],"antibody":[188],"test,":[189],"recombinant":[191],"K39":[192],"(rK39)":[193],"immunoassay":[194],"evaluated.":[196],"Kappa":[197],"statistics":[198],"revealed":[199,226,252],"PCR":[201,251,272],"had":[202],"highest":[204],"level":[205,255],"agreement":[207],"cytology":[211],"results":[212],"although":[213],"rK39":[215],"dipstick":[216],"assay":[217],"consistently":[218],"identified":[219],"more":[220],"experimentally":[221,244],"dogs.":[223],"Flow":[224],"cytometry":[225],"no":[227],"significant":[228],"differences":[229],"(p>0.05)":[230],"CD4+":[232],"CD8+":[234],"expression":[235],"on":[236],"peripheral":[237],"blood":[238],"lymphocytes.":[239],"Alternate":[240],"mechanisms":[242],"inoculated":[245,264],"investigated.":[250],"low":[254],"vertical":[257],"direct":[259],"BALB/c":[265],"mice.":[266],"DNA":[268],"detectable":[270],"tissues":[274],"puppies":[276],"beagle.":[281],"Although":[282],"strain":[284],"infecting":[288],"foxhounds":[289],"America":[292],"appears":[293],"predominantly":[295],"use":[296],"non-vector":[298],"mode,":[300],"disease":[302],"it":[303],"produces":[304],"is":[305],"canine":[308,344],"other":[311],"world.":[315],"Non-sand":[316],"may":[319],"be":[320],"responsible":[321],"maintaining":[323],"population.":[328],"Results":[329],"will":[333],"lead":[334],"improvement":[336],"diagnosis,":[338],"management,":[340],"control":[342]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-02-03T00:00:00"}