{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2581031316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","title":"Role of substitution in mitigating the supply pressure of rare earths in electric road transport applications","display_name":"Role of substitution in mitigating the supply pressure of rare earths in electric road transport applications","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2581031316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","mag":"2581031316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993716300641/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898501196","display_name":"Sustainable materials and technologies","issn_l":"2214-9929","issn":["2214-9929","2214-9937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993716300641/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013233238","display_name":"Claudiu Constantin Pavel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3599-065X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3599-065X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162697","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzskb47","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210161702","https://openalex.org/I4210162697"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudiu C. Pavel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162697"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011825142","display_name":"Christian Thiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-5775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-5775"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118689","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02qezmz13","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689","https://openalex.org/I4210161702"]}],"countries":["BE","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Thiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Enrico Fermi 2749, I - 21027 Ispra, (VA), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Enrico Fermi 2749, I - 21027 Ispra, (VA), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014362903","display_name":"Stefanie Degreif","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089469","display_name":"Oeko Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/005p0t446","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089469"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie Degreif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oeko-Institut e.V., Rheinstrasse 95, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oeko-Institut e.V., Rheinstrasse 95, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050493023","display_name":"Darina T. Blagoeva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162697","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzskb47","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210161702","https://openalex.org/I4210162697"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darina Blagoeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162697"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068910906","display_name":"Matthias Buchert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089469","display_name":"Oeko Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/005p0t446","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089469"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Buchert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oeko-Institut e.V., Rheinstrasse 95, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oeko-Institut e.V., Rheinstrasse 95, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019841588","display_name":"Doris Sch\u00fcler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089469","display_name":"Oeko Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/005p0t446","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089469"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doris Sch\u00fcler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oeko-Institut e.V., Rheinstrasse 95, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oeko-Institut e.V., Rheinstrasse 95, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013198658","display_name":"Evangelos Tzimas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-1179","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-1179"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162697","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzskb47","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210161702","https://openalex.org/I4210162697"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Tzimas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162697"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013233238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162697"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"fwci":5.5284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96825397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"62","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.5938000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.5938000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11782","display_name":"Magnetic Properties of Alloys","score":0.32910001277923584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-substitution","display_name":"rare-earth substitution","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nd-fe-b-magnets","display_name":"Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicles","display_name":"electric vehicles","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-electric-vehicles","display_name":"hybrid electric vehicles","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-bicycles","display_name":"electric bicycles","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neodymium","display_name":"neodymium","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/praseodymium","display_name":"praseodymium","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysprosium","display_name":"dysprosium","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-free-motors","display_name":"rare-earth-free motors","score":0.5640000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110135171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908880","display_name":"Neodymium magnet","level":3,"score":0.7246701717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5954169631004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983155866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7294540","display_name":"Rare earth","level":2,"score":0.5648574233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5003759860992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3511652648448944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.3308177590370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.20090025663375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18128910660743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17486310005187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08060070872306824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993716300641/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898501196","display_name":"Sustainable materials and technologies","issn_l":"2214-9929","issn":["2214-9929","2214-9937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu:JRC102449","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC102449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401126","display_name":"Joint Research Centre (European Commission)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","host_organization_name":"European Commission","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles in periodicals and books"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.01.003","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993716300641/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898501196","display_name":"Sustainable materials and technologies","issn_l":"2214-9929","issn":["2214-9929","2214-9937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4940002795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C112996","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581031316.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581031316.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1929451192","https://openalex.org/W1967312426","https://openalex.org/W1999701853","https://openalex.org/W2004216675","https://openalex.org/W2004273741","https://openalex.org/W2009229324","https://openalex.org/W2011576100","https://openalex.org/W2023530015","https://openalex.org/W2026572419","https://openalex.org/W2029551380","https://openalex.org/W2031413133","https://openalex.org/W2033058853","https://openalex.org/W2034155771","https://openalex.org/W2051261713","https://openalex.org/W2057991520","https://openalex.org/W2062834486","https://openalex.org/W2066528798","https://openalex.org/W2070916740","https://openalex.org/W2071502233","https://openalex.org/W2075093096","https://openalex.org/W2078579130","https://openalex.org/W2083127319","https://openalex.org/W2083455829","https://openalex.org/W2086426699","https://openalex.org/W2093424988","https://openalex.org/W2130109005","https://openalex.org/W2169071604","https://openalex.org/W2227297875","https://openalex.org/W2322974849","https://openalex.org/W2335887517","https://openalex.org/W2404714868","https://openalex.org/W2513791608","https://openalex.org/W2605060649","https://openalex.org/W2615624622","https://openalex.org/W2733987766","https://openalex.org/W2795490576","https://openalex.org/W6657893248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023530015","https://openalex.org/W4392432076","https://openalex.org/W3137582715","https://openalex.org/W7061687603","https://openalex.org/W4294816520","https://openalex.org/W2227297875","https://openalex.org/W2507910336","https://openalex.org/W7165372316","https://openalex.org/W4401247014","https://openalex.org/W4400229859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,14,28,86,125,127,158,174,177],"new":[3],"high-efficiency":[4],"magnets":[5,54],"and/or":[6],"electric":[7,29,38,194],"traction":[8],"motors":[9,175],"using":[10],"a":[11,171],"limited":[12],"amount":[13,76],"critical":[15],"rare":[16,58,128,178,188,211],"earths":[17,129,179,189,212],"or":[18],"none":[19],"at":[20],"all":[21],"is":[22,217],"crucial":[23],"for":[24,51,101,161,191,210],"the":[25,48,75,82,95,99,104,123,149,156,181,185,207,214],"large-scale":[26],"deployment":[27,84],"vehicles":[30,39,163],"(EVs)":[31],"and":[32,41,55,62,68,136,165,170,224],"related":[33],"applications,":[34,45],"such":[35,201],"as":[36],"hybrid":[37,162],"(HEVs)":[40],"e-bikes.":[42],"For":[43],"these":[44],"we":[46,146],"estimated":[47],"short-term":[49],"demand":[50,100,208],"high-performing":[52],"NdFeB":[53,102],"their":[56],"constituent":[57],"earths:":[59],"neodymium,":[60],"praseodymium":[61],"dysprosium.":[63],"In":[64],"2020,":[65],"EV,":[66],"HEV":[67],"e-bike":[69],"applications":[70],"combined":[71],"could":[72],"require":[73],"double":[74],"used":[77],"in":[78,91,103,114,193,213],"2015.":[79],"To":[80],"meet":[81],"global":[83],"target":[85],"7.2":[87],"million":[88],"EVs":[89],"sales":[90],"2020":[92,223],"proposed":[93],"by":[94,109,222],"International":[96],"Energy":[97],"Agency,":[98],"EV":[105,215],"sector":[106,216],"might":[107],"increase":[108,220],"up":[110],"to":[111,120,134,183,219],"14":[112],"times":[113],"only":[115],"5":[116],"years":[117],"(2015\u20132020).":[118],"Due":[119],"concerns":[121],"about":[122],"security":[124],"supply":[126,190],"some":[130],"manufacturers":[131],"have":[132,180],"decided":[133],"develop":[135],"adopt":[137],"alternative":[138],"solutions.":[139],"By":[140],"assessing":[141],"up-to-date":[142],"available":[143],"component":[144],"substitutes,":[145],"show":[147],"that":[148],"permanent":[150],"magnet":[151],"synchronous-traction":[152],"motor":[153],"(PSM)":[154],"remains":[155],"technology":[157],"choice,":[159],"especially":[160],"(HEV":[164],"PHEV).":[166],"Better":[167],"material":[168],"efficiency":[169],"larger":[172],"adoption":[173],"free":[176],"potential":[182],"reduce":[184],"pressure":[186],"on":[187],"use":[192],"road":[195],"transport":[196],"applications.":[197],"However":[198],"even":[199],"if":[200],"substitution":[202],"measures":[203],"are":[204],"successfully":[205],"implemented,":[206],"growth":[209],"expected":[218],"significantly":[221],"beyond.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2017-02-03T00:00:00"}