{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2580948286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","title":"Depression and HIV Infection Are Associated With Higher Risks of All-Cause Mortality in US Veterans: A Cohort Study","display_name":"Depression and HIV Infection Are Associated With Higher Risks of All-Cause Mortality in US Veterans: A Cohort Study","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2580948286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","mag":"2580948286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article-pdf/3/suppl_1/2179/28686655/ofw172.1727.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735126445","display_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2328-8957","issn":["2328-8957"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article-pdf/3/suppl_1/2179/28686655/ofw172.1727.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081237345","display_name":"Samir Kumar Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6031-8705","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6031-8705"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709130","display_name":"Indiana University School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02ets8c94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082160146","display_name":"Kaku So\u2010Armah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1505-6384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1505-6384"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaku So-Armah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087835694","display_name":"Jesse C. Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-8823","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-8823"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University\u2013Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University\u2013Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101957812","display_name":"Chung\u2010Chou H. Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3665-6928","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3665-6928"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyce Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041298160","display_name":"Joseph Lucien Goulet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-804X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-804X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086971","display_name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/000rgm762","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph L. Goulet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472","https://openalex.org/I4210086971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026540715","display_name":"Matthew S. Freiberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-4022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-4022"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Freiberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4053,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4053},"apc_paid":{"value":4053,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4053},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23890647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"suppl_1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11655","display_name":"HIV-related health complications and treatments","score":0.49050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11655","display_name":"HIV-related health complications and treatments","score":0.49050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.48489999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-cause-mortality","display_name":"all-cause mortality","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-depressive-disorder","display_name":"major depressive disorder","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans","display_name":"veterans","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-risk","display_name":"mortality risk","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phq-9","display_name":"PHQ-9","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans-aging-cohort-study","display_name":"Veterans Aging Cohort Study","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk","display_name":"cardiovascular risk","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-inflammation","display_name":"systemic inflammation","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c-coinfection","display_name":"hepatitis C coinfection","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-function","display_name":"renal function","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statin-use","display_name":"statin use","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use","display_name":"substance use","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-factors","display_name":"cardiovascular risk factors","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin","display_name":"hemoglobin","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduced-kidney-function","display_name":"reduced renal function","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-risk-stratification","display_name":"mortality risk stratification","score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-risk-prediction-model","display_name":"mortality risk prediction model","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9083929657936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.6436688303947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5720458626747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5650158524513245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4614846110343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.37104782462120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.28426021337509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.24792128801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article-pdf/3/suppl_1/2179/28686655/ofw172.1727.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735126445","display_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2328-8957","issn":["2328-8957"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1727","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article-pdf/3/suppl_1/2179/28686655/ofw172.1727.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735126445","display_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2328-8957","issn":["2328-8957"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307115","display_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtmwv55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307870","display_name":"OPEC Fund for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/00wrbf093"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2580948286.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2580948286.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2929110787","https://openalex.org/W4400024707","https://openalex.org/W1250503625","https://openalex.org/W2609133151","https://openalex.org/W2120903954","https://openalex.org/W4392973198","https://openalex.org/W2794200665","https://openalex.org/W2794768567","https://openalex.org/W1977909606","https://openalex.org/W2027629849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"Depression":[1],"is":[2],"associated":[3,336],"with":[4,25,237,286,331,337],"greater":[5],"systemic":[6],"inflammation":[7],"and":[8,32,41,94,152,177,197,231,253,279,303,317,352,361,372,382,386],"an":[9],"increased":[10,338],"frequency":[11],"of":[12,75,179,188],"cardiovascular":[13,163],"events":[14],"in":[15,34,54,95,99,190,198,220,268,329,341],"the":[16,28,55,96,100,144,191,199,209,221,224,238,269,272,287],"HIV-infected":[17],"population.":[18],"However,":[19],"previous":[20],"studies":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"mixed":[24],"respect":[26],"to":[27,142,364,375],"association":[29],"between":[30],"depression":[31,40,107,151,328],"mortality":[33,148,219,267,340],"HIV.":[35],"We":[36,49],"hypothesized":[37],"that":[38,327],"both":[39,53,314],"HIV":[42,87,91,125,131,228,232,275,280,332],"infection":[43,333],"would":[44],"predict":[45],"all-cause":[46,147,339],"mortality.":[47],"Methods.":[48],"tested":[50],"this":[51],"hypothesis":[52],"Veterans":[56],"Aging":[57],"Cohort":[58,62,103],"Study":[59],"(VACS)":[60],"Virtual":[61],"(VC),":[63],"where":[64,105],"baseline":[65,106,150],"major":[66],"depressive":[67],"disorder":[68],"(MDD)":[69],"was":[70,108,193,201,334],"identified":[71],"by":[72,149],"International":[73],"Classification":[74],"Diseases,":[76],"ninth":[77],"revision":[78],"codes":[79,316],"(77,232":[80],"HIV-/MDD-;":[81],"14,606":[82],"HIV-/MDD":[83,225],"+":[84,88,92,126,132,226,229,233,276,281],";":[85],"34,150":[86],"/MDD-;":[89],"7030":[90],"/MDD+),":[93],"subset":[97],"participating":[98],"VACS":[101],"Biomarker":[102],"(BC),":[104],"defined":[109],"as":[110],"a":[111,318],"Patient":[112],"Health":[113],"Questionnaire":[114],"(PHQ)-9":[115],"score":[116],"\u226510":[117,283],"(572":[118],"HIV-/PHQ-9":[119,122,273,288],"<10;":[120,129],"263":[121],"\u226510;":[123],"1175":[124],"/":[127,133],"PHQ-9":[128,134],"348":[130],"\u226510).":[135],"Cox":[136,207],"proportional":[137],"hazard":[138,210,260],"models":[139],"were":[140],"constructed":[141],"examine":[143],"risk":[145,165],"for":[146,157,218,223,266,271,322],"HIV-infection":[153],"status":[154],"while":[155],"controlling":[156],"demographics,":[158],"body":[159],"mass":[160],"index,":[161],"traditional":[162],"disease":[164],"factors,":[166],"substance":[167],"use,":[168],"hepatitis":[169],"C":[170],"virus":[171],"coinfection,":[172],"reduced":[173],"renal":[174],"function,":[175],"hemoglobin,":[176],"use":[178],"statin":[180],"drugs.":[181],"Results.":[182],"Median":[183],"(interquartile":[184],"range":[185],"[IQR])":[186],"time":[187],"follow-up":[189],"VC":[192,222],"10.0":[194],"(5.6\u201312.1)":[195],"years":[196],"BC":[200,270],"8.8":[202],"(8.0\u20139.3)":[203],"years.":[204],"In":[205,310],"adjusted":[206],"models,":[208],"ratios":[211,261],"(95%":[212,262],"confidence":[213],"interval":[214],"[CI];":[215],"P":[216,245,250,256,264,295,300,306],"value)":[217,265],",":[227],"/MDD-,":[230],"/MDD+":[234],"groups":[235,284],"compared":[236,285],"HIV-/MDD-":[239],"group":[240,290],"were,":[241,291],"respectively,":[242,292],"1.07":[243],"(1.03\u20131.12;":[244],"=":[246,296,301,307],"0.001),":[247,252],"1.49":[248],"(1.45\u20131.54;":[249],"<":[251,257],"1.57":[254],"(1.50\u20131.65;":[255],"0.001).":[258],"The":[259],"CI;":[263],"\u226510,":[274],"/PHQ-9":[277,282],"<10,":[278],"<10":[289],"1.36":[293],"(0.99\u20131.85;":[294],"0.06),":[297],"1.33":[298],"(1.04\u20131.70;":[299],"0.021),":[302],"1.51":[304],"(1.12\u20132.03;":[305],"0.007).":[308],"Conclusion.":[309],"separate":[311],"analyses":[312],"using":[313],"diagnostic":[315],"more":[319],"sensitive":[320],"instrument":[321],"identifying":[323],"depression,":[324],"we":[325],"found":[326],"combination":[330],"strongly":[335],"US":[342],"Veterans.":[343],"Disclosures.":[344],"S.":[345],"Gupta,":[346],"Gilead":[347],"Sciences:":[348],"Grant":[349,380],"Investigator,":[350,369,383],"Investigator":[351,381],"Scientific":[353],"Advisor,":[354],"Consulting":[355],"fee,":[356],"Research":[357,359,370,384,387],"grant,":[358],"support":[360,363,371,374,388],"Travel":[362,373],"scientific":[365,376],"conferences;":[366,377],"Bristol-Myers":[367],"Squibb:":[368],"Janssen":[378],"Therapeutics:":[379],"grant":[385]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2017-02-03T00:00:00"}
