{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2575786858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416680453","title":"Training Computers to See Internet Pornography: Gender and Sexual Discrimination in Computer Vision Science","display_name":"Training Computers to See Internet Pornography: Gender and Sexual Discrimination in Computer Vision Science","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2575786858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416680453","mag":"2575786858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1527476416680453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416680453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416680453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35909690","display_name":"Television & New Media","issn_l":"1527-4764","issn":["1527-4764","1552-8316"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Television & New Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013270592","display_name":"Robert W. Gehl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-4722","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-4722"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Gehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111997792","display_name":"Lucas Moyer\u2010Horner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Moyer-Horner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080269973","display_name":"Sara K. Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-8400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-8400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara K. Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013270592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4394,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91728131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"529","last_page":"547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7235999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7235999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11540","display_name":"Gender, Feminism, and Media","score":0.19789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14307","display_name":"Bioethics and Human Rights Issues","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-classification","display_name":"image classification","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-discrimination","display_name":"sexual discrimination","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pornography-studies","display_name":"pornography studies","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-bias","display_name":"algorithmic bias","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation-of-women","display_name":"representation of women","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-industry","display_name":"technology industry","score":0.5799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781301322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q291","display_name":"Pornography","level":2,"score":0.9252765774726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6286307573318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5455663800239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4945788085460663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.466535359621048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37432199716567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32564282417297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1654367446899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12063169479370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1125674843788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.101512610912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1527476416680453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416680453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416680453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35909690","display_name":"Television & New Media","issn_l":"1527-4764","issn":["1527-4764","1552-8316"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Television & New Media","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11216535","https://openalex.org/W74030061","https://openalex.org/W152187419","https://openalex.org/W317570005","https://openalex.org/W369531738","https://openalex.org/W609098821","https://openalex.org/W1517177061","https://openalex.org/W1531235167","https://openalex.org/W1565705231","https://openalex.org/W1579919687","https://openalex.org/W1585955867","https://openalex.org/W1587328194","https://openalex.org/W1606454460","https://openalex.org/W1965594186","https://openalex.org/W1976188560","https://openalex.org/W1986384291","https://openalex.org/W2005473449","https://openalex.org/W2005531699","https://openalex.org/W2006585675","https://openalex.org/W2010116109","https://openalex.org/W2037611402","https://openalex.org/W2052860465","https://openalex.org/W2058503310","https://openalex.org/W2061452332","https://openalex.org/W2070603951","https://openalex.org/W2102316967","https://openalex.org/W2109755983","https://openalex.org/W2110455171","https://openalex.org/W2113640662","https://openalex.org/W2115751425","https://openalex.org/W2119864136","https://openalex.org/W2126854683","https://openalex.org/W2127194954","https://openalex.org/W2134119432","https://openalex.org/W2141329313","https://openalex.org/W2145300984","https://openalex.org/W2153746365","https://openalex.org/W2153915504","https://openalex.org/W2154077593","https://openalex.org/W2160541552","https://openalex.org/W2167942603","https://openalex.org/W2286762320","https://openalex.org/W2301613515","https://openalex.org/W2494621696","https://openalex.org/W2495375995","https://openalex.org/W2535704671","https://openalex.org/W2565274459","https://openalex.org/W4210591931","https://openalex.org/W4233848996","https://openalex.org/W4238284314","https://openalex.org/W4241333552","https://openalex.org/W4245072755","https://openalex.org/W4251998810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389814472","https://openalex.org/W2539914210","https://openalex.org/W2115751425","https://openalex.org/W4286779554","https://openalex.org/W6989933566","https://openalex.org/W4393261726","https://openalex.org/W3035362650","https://openalex.org/W2383839025","https://openalex.org/W2104767237","https://openalex.org/W7096424880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,66,111],"critically":[2],"examines":[3],"computer":[4,12,107],"vision\u2013based":[5],"pornography":[6,93,104],"filtering":[7],"(CVPF),":[8],"a":[9,33,46,52,135],"subfield":[10],"in":[11,76,120,130],"science":[13],"seeking":[14],"to":[15,20,50],"train":[16],"computers":[17,49],"on":[18,32,92],"how":[19],"recognize":[21],"the":[22,73,77,83,98,110,131],"difference":[23],"between":[24],"digital":[25],"pornographic":[26,100],"images":[27,84],"and":[28,80,123,127],"nonpornographic":[29],"images.":[30],"Based":[31],"review":[34],"of":[35,57,60,88,118],"102":[36],"peer-reviewed":[37],"CVPF":[38,43,78,99,121],"articles,":[39],"we":[40,95],"argue":[41],"that":[42,105,113],"has":[44],"as":[45,86,134],"whole":[47],"trained":[48],"\u201csee\u201d":[51],"very":[53,115],"specific,":[54],"idealized":[55],"form":[56],"pornography:":[58],"pictures":[59],"lone,":[61],"thin,":[62],"naked":[63],"women.":[64],"The":[65],"supports":[67],"this":[68,114],"argument":[69],"by":[70],"closely":[71],"reading":[72],"algorithms":[74],"proposed":[75],"literature":[79],"quantitatively":[81],"analyzing":[82],"included":[85],"illustrations":[87],"these":[89],"algorithms.":[90],"Drawing":[91],"studies,":[94],"also":[96],"compare":[97],"imagination":[101,117],"with":[102],"\u201cnoisy\u201d":[103],"exceeds":[106],"vision.":[108],"Ultimately,":[109],"argues":[112],"narrow":[116],"porn":[119],"reflects":[122],"reinforces":[124],"larger":[125],"gender":[126],"sexual":[128],"inequalities":[129],"technology":[132],"industry":[133],"whole.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2017-01-26T00:00:00"}