{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2575163808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","title":"HIV Triggers Interleukin 21-Mediated Induction of Granzyme B-Secreting B Cells with Regulatory and Antiviral Potential","display_name":"HIV Triggers Interleukin 21-Mediated Induction of Granzyme B-Secreting B Cells with Regulatory and Antiviral Potential","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2575163808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","mag":"2575163808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200071133","display_name":"Blood","issn_l":"0006-4971","issn":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blood","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074433659","display_name":"Christof Kaltenmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-7443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-7443"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christof Kaltenmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055782717","display_name":"Ali Gawanbacht","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Gawanbacht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070334215","display_name":"Stefanie Lindner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie Lindner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008927172","display_name":"Thamara Beyer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thamara Beyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081546670","display_name":"Georg Haerter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georg Haerter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108824960","display_name":"Beate Gruener","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Beate Gruener","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103421919","display_name":"Peter Kern","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Kern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075006919","display_name":"Frank Kirchhoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-2360","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-2360"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frank Kirchhoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068469918","display_name":"Hubert Schrezenmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1222-6659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1222-6659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hubert Schrezenmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032138085","display_name":"Bernd Jahrsd\u00f6rfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8334-5244","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8334-5244"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Jahrsdo\u0308rfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008927172","https://openalex.org/A5055782717","https://openalex.org/A5068469918","https://openalex.org/A5070334215","https://openalex.org/A5074433659","https://openalex.org/A5075006919","https://openalex.org/A5081546670","https://openalex.org/A5103421919","https://openalex.org/A5108824960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"apc_list":{"value":5500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33716161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"120","issue":"21","first_page":"1042","last_page":"1042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.09030000120401382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11020","display_name":"Immune Cell Function and Interaction","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-21","display_name":"IL-21","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granzyme-b","display_name":"granzyme B","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-cells","display_name":"B cells","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-b-cells","display_name":"regulatory B cells","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-t-cells","display_name":"CD4+ T cells","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd40-ligand","display_name":"CD40 ligand","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-activity","display_name":"antiviral activity","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-proliferation-inhibition","display_name":"T cell proliferation inhibition","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-cell-differentiation","display_name":"plasma cell differentiation","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humoral-immune-response","display_name":"humoral immune response","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-replication","display_name":"viral replication","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780380082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12646460","display_name":"Granzyme B","level":4,"score":0.853908360004425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5478479862213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781438807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18393925","display_name":"Regulatory B cells","level":4,"score":0.5431645512580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39347974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21135811","display_name":"CD40","level":4,"score":0.5091423392295837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149532602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2409681","display_name":"Interleukin 12","level":4,"score":0.5071508884429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127561419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224527","display_name":"Downregulation and upregulation","level":3,"score":0.49530544877052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17599544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22247","display_name":"Gamma-ray burst","level":2,"score":0.4929792881011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4850582182407379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129374314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909381","display_name":"Interleukin 21","level":4,"score":0.45583653450012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154317977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266","display_name":"Cytotoxic T cell","level":3,"score":0.45146751403808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194908","display_name":"Interleukin","level":3,"score":0.41163671016693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423698","display_name":"Interleukin 10","level":3,"score":0.40735483169555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.4036279320716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.38015204668045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.29036736488342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.22757411003112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.17732492089271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1042.1042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200071133","display_name":"Blood","issn_l":"0006-4971","issn":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blood","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2254992651","https://openalex.org/W4313386362","https://openalex.org/W2980103390","https://openalex.org/W1609502676","https://openalex.org/W2558403108","https://openalex.org/W1752038835","https://openalex.org/W2564125751","https://openalex.org/W140338955","https://openalex.org/W7099267912","https://openalex.org/W2008833812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0,1],"1042":[2],"Certain":[3],"regulatory":[4,12,36],"lymphocyte":[5],"subpopulations":[6],"including":[7],"plasmacytoid":[8],"dendritic":[9],"cells":[10,14,29,61,76,103,109,154,166,180,184,196,243,249,278],"and":[11,34,132,189,197,217],"T":[13,21,75,102,179,195,233],"secrete":[15],"granzyme":[16],"B":[17,28,60,108,153,165,183,242,248,277],"(GrB),":[18],"thereby":[19,235],"suppressing":[20],"cell":[22],"expansion.":[23],"Recently,":[24],"we":[25,56,69,96,224],"found":[26],"that":[27,58,71,99,226],"can":[30],"also":[31],"produce":[32],"GrB":[33,105,133,187,220,274],"acquire":[35],"potential":[37],"in":[38,106,110,137,186,207,231,257,262,275,300],"response":[39,299],"to":[40,48,144,148,309],"interleukin":[41],"(IL-)21.":[42],"Since":[43],"HIV":[44,66,78,227,259],"has":[45],"been":[46],"shown":[47],"be":[49,63],"associated":[50],"with":[51,77,161,181,244,281],"elevated":[52],"serum":[53,127],"IL-21":[54,89,131,230],"levels,":[55],"hypothesized":[57],"GrB-expressing":[59],"may":[62,250,279,289],"induced":[64],"during":[65],"infection.":[67,267],"Here,":[68],"show":[70],"infection":[72,228],"of":[73,88,92,124,129,150,176,194,240,266,273,293,307],"CD4+":[74,178,232],"1":[79],"(NL4-3),":[80],"but":[81,163],"not":[82,164],"mock":[83],"infection,":[84],"induces":[85,229],"strong":[86],"expression":[87],"without":[90],"upregulation":[91],"CD40":[93],"ligand.":[94],"Importantly,":[95],"further":[97],"demonstrate":[98,225],"such":[100],"IL-21+CD40Llow":[101],"induce":[104],"cocultured":[107],"an":[111,294],"IL-21-dependent":[112],"fashion,":[113],"rather":[114],"than":[115],"supporting":[116],"their":[117,282],"differentiation":[118,284],"into":[119,285],"plasma":[120,286],"cells.":[121],"In":[122,222],"support":[123],"these":[125],"findings,":[126],"levels":[128,206],"both":[130],"are":[134,213],"significantly":[135,203],"higher":[136],"HIV-infected":[138,177,301],"patients":[139,159],"before":[140],"HAART":[141],"as":[142,200],"compared":[143],"healthy":[145,169],"controls.":[146],"Up":[147],"60%":[149],"freshly":[151],"isolated":[152,167],"(36.2%":[155],"\u00b1":[156],"12.9%)":[157],"from":[158,168],"infected":[160],"HIV,":[162],"individuals,":[170],"express":[171],"GrB.":[172],"Of":[173],"note,":[174],"coculture":[175,208],"GrB+":[182],"result":[185],"transfer,":[188],"strongly":[190],"suppresses":[191],"both,":[192],"proliferation":[193],"viral":[198],"replication":[199],"indicated":[201],"by":[202,215,219],"reduced":[204,218],"p24":[205],"supernatants.":[209],"The":[210],"observed":[211],"effects":[212],"enhanced":[214],"IL-21,":[216],"inhibition.":[221],"summary,":[223],"cells,":[234,287],"indirectly":[236],"triggering":[237],"the":[238,263,269,291],"development":[239],"GrB-secreting":[241,247],"antiretroviral":[245],"properties.":[246],"play":[251],"a":[252],"so":[253],"far":[254],"unappreciated":[255],"role":[256],"decelerating":[258],"expansion,":[260],"particularly":[261],"early":[264],"phase":[265],"On":[268],"other":[270],"hand,":[271],"induction":[272],"HIV-specific":[276],"interfere":[280],"terminal":[283],"which":[288],"explain":[290],"lack":[292],"efficient":[295],"anti-HIV":[296],"humoral":[297],"immune":[298],"patients.":[302],"Disclosures:":[303],"No":[304],"relevant":[305],"conflicts":[306],"interest":[308],"declare.":[310]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2017-01-26T00:00:00"}
