{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2575102037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","title":"Argatroban, Not Lepirudin or Bivalirudin, Treatment Results in the Generation of Nitric Oxide during Parenteral Administration.","display_name":"Argatroban, Not Lepirudin or Bivalirudin, Treatment Results in the Generation of Nitric Oxide during Parenteral Administration.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2575102037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","mag":"2575102037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200071133","display_name":"Blood","issn_l":"0006-4971","issn":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blood","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074304553","display_name":"Jeanine M. Walenga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-7369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-7369"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanine M. Walenga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113488600","display_name":"Daniel Fareed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Fareed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chris Schultz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060625204","display_name":"Brian T. Neville","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Neville","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064983817","display_name":"Debra Hoppensteadt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-4213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-4213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debra Hoppensteadt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034121067","display_name":"Omer Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-6957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-6957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omer Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007859032","display_name":"Jawed Fareed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3465-2499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3465-2499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawed Fareed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034121067","https://openalex.org/A5064983817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"],"apc_list":{"value":5500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53341526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"11","first_page":"1849","last_page":"1849"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10881","display_name":"Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10881","display_name":"Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10155","display_name":"Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12352","display_name":"Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-thrombin-inhibitors","display_name":"direct thrombin inhibitors","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitric-oxide","display_name":"nitric oxide","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lepirudin","display_name":"lepirudin","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivalirudin","display_name":"bivalirudin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vasomodulation","display_name":"vasomodulation","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-mediators","display_name":"endothelial mediators","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticoagulant-pharmacology","display_name":"anticoagulant pharmacology","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonhuman-primate-model","display_name":"nonhuman primate model","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-dependent-effects","display_name":"dose-dependent effects","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thrombin-inhibition","display_name":"thrombin inhibition","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostacyclin","display_name":"prostacyclin","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/griess-reaction","display_name":"Griess reaction","score":0.9470000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779612170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474880","display_name":"Argatroban","level":4,"score":0.8964811563491821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780205058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271949","display_name":"Lepirudin","level":5,"score":0.887527585029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777565915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919218","display_name":"Bivalirudin","level":4,"score":0.7571933269500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519581460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207843","display_name":"Nitric oxide","level":2,"score":0.6113332509994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.6100272536277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128463046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22315590","display_name":"Chromogenic","level":2,"score":0.6069305539131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6040743589401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777292125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409166","display_name":"Thrombin","level":3,"score":0.5594373941421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57002609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281999","display_name":"Discovery and development of direct thrombin inhibitors","level":4,"score":0.5013284683227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777557582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190016","display_name":"Heparin","level":2,"score":0.4684814214706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776179834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72158415","display_name":"Nitrite","level":3,"score":0.44209566712379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215118","display_name":"Anticoagulant","level":2,"score":0.4363471269607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3338000774383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3098207116127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89560881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101026","display_name":"Platelet","level":2,"score":0.2845070958137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.22810781002044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.1717652678489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.1647539734840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.15995746850967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.08679169416427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780400711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2008344","display_name":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500558357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1849.1849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200071133","display_name":"Blood","issn_l":"0006-4971","issn":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blood","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2551058579","https://openalex.org/W1993826814","https://openalex.org/W2208111126","https://openalex.org/W2029863503","https://openalex.org/W4240665535","https://openalex.org/W2574756832","https://openalex.org/W1972719468","https://openalex.org/W2024048385","https://openalex.org/W2013733469","https://openalex.org/W1503293547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"While":[1],"all":[2,362],"direct":[3],"thrombin":[4,66],"inhibitors":[5],"(DTIs)":[6],"produce":[7,141,152],"their":[8,18],"anticoagulant":[9],"effect":[10],"by":[11,112,121,192,443],"inhibiting":[12],"thrombin,":[13],"there":[14],"are":[15],"differences":[16,337],"in":[17,24,29,58,229,289,307,371,425,431],"mode":[19],"of":[20,37,89,253,351],"action,":[21],"not":[22,210,327],"only":[23],"protease":[25],"generation/inhibition,":[26],"but":[27],"also":[28,167],"modulating":[30],"cellular":[31],"mechanisms":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34],"the":[35,132,178,186,196,217,251,299,314,323,332,365,415],"release":[36],"endothelial":[38],"mediators":[39],"including":[40],"nitric":[41],"oxide":[42],"(NO)":[43],"and":[44,55,60,104,195,226,276,321,335,378,392,410,423,433],"prostacyclin.":[45],"Preliminary":[46],"studies":[47,346],"have":[48,211],"revealed":[49,303],"that":[50,417,426],"argatroban":[51,222,254,372,395,418],"treatment,":[52],"unlike":[53],"bivalirudin":[54,379,424],"lepirudin,":[56],"results":[57,413],"vasomodulation":[59],"other":[61],"pharmacological":[62],"effects":[63],"unrelated":[64],"to":[65,84,140,151,174,408,439],"inhibition":[67,349],"[Pathophysiol":[68],"Haemost":[69],"Thromb2002;Suppl":[70],"3:56\u201365].":[71],"To":[72],"validate":[73],"this":[74],"observation":[75],"primates":[76,374],"(Macaca":[77],"mulatta;":[78],"n=6/group)":[79],"were":[80,95,110,257,342],"treated":[81,220,373],"with":[82,148,160,172,221,376],"100":[83,265],"500":[85,284],"\u03bcg/kg":[86,285],"iv":[87],"BID":[88],"these":[90,339],"three":[91],"DTIs.":[92,363],"Blood":[93],"samples":[94,396],"drawn":[96],"at":[97],"5,":[98],"15,":[99],"30,":[100],"60,":[101],"120,":[102],"240":[103],"360":[105],"minutes.":[106],"Total":[107],"NO":[108,170,191,198,231,255,290,324,432],"levels":[109,234,256,325,404],"measured":[111],"two":[113,315],"different":[114],"methods.":[115],"The":[116,296,390],"Griess":[117],"reaction":[118,135],"was":[119,166,291,317,369],"performed":[120],"a":[122,142,153,203,224,304,308],"chromogenic":[123,161],"substrate":[124],"method":[125],"(R&D":[126],"Systems,":[127],"Minneapolis,":[128],"MN)":[129],"based":[130],"on":[131,216],"two-step":[133],"diazotization":[134],"where":[136],"NO2":[137],"is":[138,146,157,188,200,419],"acidified":[139],"nitrosating":[143],"agent,":[144],"which":[145,156,435],"complexed":[147],"sulfanilic":[149],"acid":[150],"diazonium":[154],"ion,":[155],"then":[158],"coupled":[159],"reagents.":[162],"A":[163],"chemiluminescent":[164],"assay":[165],"used.":[168],"Plasma":[169],"reacts":[171],"oxygen":[173],"form":[175],"nitrite.":[176],"Using":[177],"Ionics":[179],"Instrument":[180],"208I":[181],"(Sievers":[182],"Instrument,":[183],"Boulder,":[184],"CO),":[185],"nitrite":[187],"converted":[189],"into":[190],"chemical":[193],"reactions,":[194],"resulting":[197],"level":[199],"determined":[201],"using":[202],"highly":[204],"sensitive":[205],"gas":[206],"phase.":[207],"DTIs":[208],"did":[209,326],"any":[212],"non-specific":[213],"interfering":[214],"affect":[215],"assays.":[218],"Primates":[219],"showed":[223,347,401],"dose-":[225],"time-dependent":[227],"increase":[228,288,306,430],"plasma":[230],"levels.":[232],"Baseline":[233],"ranged":[235],"from":[236,329,421],"4\u20138":[237],"\u03bcM":[238,259,268,278],"(mean":[239],"\u00b1":[240,244,261,270,280,382,386],"SD":[241],"=":[242],"6.1":[243],"1.8":[245,262],"\u03bcM),":[246],"whereas":[247],"5":[248,357,391],"min":[249,358,394],"after":[250,359],"administration":[252],"6\u201311":[258],"(7.2":[260],"\u03bcM)":[263,272,282],"for":[264,273,283,293,361,398],"\u03bcg/kg,":[266,275],"8\u201314":[267],"(11.8":[269],"2.6":[271],"250":[274],"11\u201319":[277],"(15.7":[279],"3.1":[281],"argatroban.":[286],"This":[287],"observed":[292],"30":[294],"min.":[295],"area":[297],"under":[298],"curve":[300],"(0\u20136":[301],"hrs)":[302],"dose-dependent":[305],"non-linear":[309],"fashion.":[310],"No":[311],"difference":[312],"between":[313,338],"methods":[316],"noted.":[318],"For":[319],"lepirudin":[320,377,409,422],"bivalirudin,":[322],"differ":[328],"baseline":[330],"during":[331],"study":[333],"period,":[334],"no":[336],"treatment":[340,380],"groups":[341],"observed.":[343],"Flow":[344],"cytometric":[345],"comparable":[348],"(29\u201337%)":[350],"tissue":[352],"factor":[353],"mediated":[354],"platelet":[355],"activation":[356],"dosing":[360],"However,":[364],"%":[366],"P-selectin":[367],"expression":[368],"lower":[370],"than":[375],"(17.1":[381],"5.2":[383],"vs":[384],"29.3":[385],"7.1;":[387],"p":[388],"<0.026).":[389],"60":[393],"assayed":[397],"6-keto-PGF1":[399],"alpha":[400],"20\u201330%":[402],"higher":[403],"(not":[405],"significant)":[406],"compared":[407],"bivalirudin.":[411],"These":[412],"support":[414],"hypothesis":[416],"distinct":[420],"it":[427],"produces":[428],"an":[429],"prostacyclin":[434],"may":[436],"partly":[437],"contribute":[438],"its":[440],"therapeutic":[441],"efficacy":[442],"stabilizing":[444],"platelets.":[445]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-01-26T00:00:00"}
