{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2560818565","doi":null,"title":"\"Dirty Pool\" Revisited: When Less is More","display_name":"\"Dirty Pool\" Revisited: When Less is More","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2560818565","mag":"2560818565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2560818565","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.columbia.edu/~rse14/democratic%20trade.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085884721","display_name":"Robert S. Erikson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-4839","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-4839"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert S. Erikson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-4839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026091289","display_name":"Pablo M. Pinto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4434-2112","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4434-2112"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo M. Pinto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4434-2112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044069480","display_name":"Kelly Rader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-464X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-464X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelly Rader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92395264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.3296000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.3296000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.16920000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13721","display_name":"Political Science Research and Education","score":0.11959999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-transition","display_name":"democratic transition","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyadic-analysis","display_name":"dyadic analysis","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation-tests","display_name":"permutation tests","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-errors","display_name":"standard errors","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/difference-in-differences","display_name":"difference-in-differences","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-modeling","display_name":"multilevel modeling","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"international trade","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.8608484268188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777152325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108163","display_name":"Proposition","level":2,"score":0.6623896360397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51110983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16503490","display_name":"Overconfidence effect","level":2,"score":0.5466355681419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.46245241165161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45308130979537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.41711705923080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4040880501270294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38369834423065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3778930604457855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3311934769153595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3228147029876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.25759488344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24868276715278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2337106466293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21917590498924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1940213143825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.18618538975715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.11597272753715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2560818565","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.columbia.edu/~rse14/democratic%20trade.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134999508","https://openalex.org/W561064106","https://openalex.org/W1488792619","https://openalex.org/W1515242458","https://openalex.org/W1552956615","https://openalex.org/W1589087116","https://openalex.org/W1860966310","https://openalex.org/W1987673617","https://openalex.org/W1996432100","https://openalex.org/W2013619996","https://openalex.org/W2016020226","https://openalex.org/W2026016853","https://openalex.org/W2029167274","https://openalex.org/W2038440583","https://openalex.org/W2059651850","https://openalex.org/W2081021623","https://openalex.org/W2090473983","https://openalex.org/W2099594117","https://openalex.org/W2104465908","https://openalex.org/W2118630463","https://openalex.org/W2120112627","https://openalex.org/W2129702170","https://openalex.org/W2159385576","https://openalex.org/W2170784187","https://openalex.org/W2171740630","https://openalex.org/W2321683226","https://openalex.org/W2492417559","https://openalex.org/W2612575796","https://openalex.org/W2797395620","https://openalex.org/W2891905832","https://openalex.org/W3016657117","https://openalex.org/W3020877949","https://openalex.org/W3021737084","https://openalex.org/W3146552763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081713769","https://openalex.org/W7097654379","https://openalex.org/W2157662482","https://openalex.org/W818321239","https://openalex.org/W4408726850","https://openalex.org/W7098842037","https://openalex.org/W2607689325","https://openalex.org/W3096548808","https://openalex.org/W2081021623","https://openalex.org/W4405249356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"IR":[1],"scholars,":[2],"a":[3,25,54,58,63,68,96,116,181,189,209],"central":[4,142],"empirical":[5],"proposition":[6],"is":[7,37,144,170],"that":[8,111],"democracies":[9,13,178],"seek":[10],"out":[11,104],"other":[12,90,177],"as":[14,22,53,136],"trading":[15,195],"partners\u2014the":[16],"so-called":[17],"democratic":[18,106,198,218,228],"trade":[19,175,221],"hypothesis.":[20],"Yet,":[21],"revealed":[23],"in":[24,39,74,102,194,208],"2001":[26],"symposium":[27],"on":[28,149,220,232],"Green":[29],"et":[30],"al.\u2019s":[31],"\u201cDirty":[32],"Pool\u201d":[33],"testing":[34],"this":[35,51],"hypothesis":[36,75],"entangled":[38],"debates":[40],"over":[41,83],"the":[42,78,89,112,137,150,155,160,168,172,214,223],"appropriate":[43],"statistical":[44,131,240],"techniques":[45],"and":[46,103,247],"research":[47],"design.":[48],"We":[49],"use":[50],"controversy":[52],"springboard":[55],"to":[56,130,145,153],"offer":[57],"cautionary":[59],"tale":[60],"about":[61],"how":[62],"large":[64],"data":[65],"set":[66],"with":[67,134,159,176],"massive":[69],"N":[70],"can":[71,93],"create":[72],"overconfidence":[73],"testing.":[76],"On":[77,88],"one":[79],"hand":[80,91],"we":[81,92,164,187,203],"have":[82],"90,000":[84],"dyads":[85,135],"of":[86,99,105,115,139,174,192,217,226,239],"nationyears.":[87],"observe":[94],"only":[95],"small":[97],"number":[98],"national":[100,227],"transitions":[101,219],"status.":[107],"These":[108],"considerations":[109],"suggest":[110],"proper":[113],"estimation":[114],"democracy":[117],"effect":[118],"(and":[119],"its":[120],"standard":[121],"error)":[122],"are":[123,245],"not":[124],"readily":[125],"solved":[126],"by":[127],"mechanical":[128],"resort":[129],"formula,":[132],"particularly":[133],"units":[138],"analysis.":[140],"Our":[141],"contribution":[143],"employ":[146],"randomization":[147],"tests":[148,243],"dyadic":[151],"analysis":[152,191],"infer":[154],"correct":[156],"p-values":[157],"associated":[158],"main":[161],"hypotheses.":[162],"Second,":[163],"model":[165],"nation-years,":[166],"where":[167],"question":[169],"whether":[171],"proportion":[173],"increases":[179],"when":[180],"country":[182],"becomes":[183],"more":[184],"democratic.":[185],"Third,":[186],"conduct":[188],"difference-in-difference":[190],"change":[193],"partners":[196],"following":[197],"or":[199],"anti-democratic":[200],"shocks.":[201],"Finally,":[202],"embed":[204],"our":[205],"nation-state":[206],"results":[207],"multi-level":[210],"framework,":[211],"distinguishing":[212],"between":[213],"short-term":[215],"effects":[216,225],"from":[222],"longterm":[224],"(or":[229],"not)":[230],"culture":[231],"trade.":[233],"Rather":[234],"than":[235],"adding":[236],"further":[237],"layers":[238],"complexity,":[241],"these":[242],"actually":[244],"simple":[246],"quite":[248],"intuitive.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-12-16T00:00:00"}