{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2559978624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1141","title":"A Quasi\u2010experimental Approach to the Multinationality\u2010performance Relationship: An Application to Learning\u2010by\u2010exporting","display_name":"A Quasi\u2010experimental Approach to the Multinationality\u2010performance Relationship: An Application to Learning\u2010by\u2010exporting","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2559978624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1141","mag":"2559978624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/gsj.1141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765008422","display_name":"Global Strategy Journal","issn_l":"2042-5791","issn":["2042-5791","2042-5805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Strategy Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002595907","display_name":"Sea\u2010Jin Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-816X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-816X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["KR","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sea\u2010Jin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Strategy & Policy, NUS Business School National University of Singapore Singapore","Organization and Strategy Area, College of Business, KAIST, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Strategy & Policy, NUS Business School National University of Singapore Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organization and Strategy Area, College of Business, KAIST, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102165778","display_name":"Jaiho Chung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaiho Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Business, Korea University Business School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Business, Korea University Business School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002595907"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424","https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":{"value":3480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3480},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9916,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94608342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"257","last_page":"285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-by-exporting","display_name":"learning by exporting","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exporting","display_name":"exporting","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-strategy","display_name":"international strategy","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-productivity","display_name":"firm productivity","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogeneity","display_name":"endogeneity","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score-matching","display_name":"propensity score matching","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/difference-in-differences","display_name":"difference-in-differences","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-opportunities","display_name":"learning opportunities","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.9149532318115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.7399389743804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6831404566764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6808065176010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5771430134773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5278465747833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.5270350575447083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4643236994743347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4439772963523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.43993720412254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.42143067717552185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3826333284378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.38024574518203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.23779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16866588592529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/gsj.1141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765008422","display_name":"Global Strategy Journal","issn_l":"2042-5791","issn":["2042-5791","2042-5805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Strategy Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G315416269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R313\u2010000\u2010086\u2010133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","funder_display_name":"National University of Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157449371","https://openalex.org/W1507344949","https://openalex.org/W1547039911","https://openalex.org/W1589940047","https://openalex.org/W1591184202","https://openalex.org/W1934249670","https://openalex.org/W1952352684","https://openalex.org/W1963928868","https://openalex.org/W1989159976","https://openalex.org/W1990694252","https://openalex.org/W1991898766","https://openalex.org/W2008190574","https://openalex.org/W2009263548","https://openalex.org/W2009965522","https://openalex.org/W2011784787","https://openalex.org/W2016816440","https://openalex.org/W2023063828","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2027327204","https://openalex.org/W2051961862","https://openalex.org/W2062476909","https://openalex.org/W2066735350","https://openalex.org/W2067782665","https://openalex.org/W2074046543","https://openalex.org/W2083485815","https://openalex.org/W2097779322","https://openalex.org/W2097790641","https://openalex.org/W2098927478","https://openalex.org/W2102363502","https://openalex.org/W2114734276","https://openalex.org/W2115337209","https://openalex.org/W2117062981","https://openalex.org/W2123709218","https://openalex.org/W2126650548","https://openalex.org/W2133627245","https://openalex.org/W2134246329","https://openalex.org/W2134736297","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2145542433","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2150439610","https://openalex.org/W2156603408","https://openalex.org/W2158454654","https://openalex.org/W2171023924","https://openalex.org/W2171443468","https://openalex.org/W2259745398","https://openalex.org/W2262603336","https://openalex.org/W2753335427","https://openalex.org/W2889809566","https://openalex.org/W2891194630","https://openalex.org/W3121170782","https://openalex.org/W3121378041","https://openalex.org/W3121492802","https://openalex.org/W3122188960","https://openalex.org/W3122958054","https://openalex.org/W3123144636","https://openalex.org/W3123200913","https://openalex.org/W3123974754","https://openalex.org/W3125601827","https://openalex.org/W4211150118","https://openalex.org/W4229737049","https://openalex.org/W4230659750","https://openalex.org/W4247142182","https://openalex.org/W4249918569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2207274732","https://openalex.org/W2312351016","https://openalex.org/W2003162251","https://openalex.org/W3122947949","https://openalex.org/W2372677284","https://openalex.org/W821291724","https://openalex.org/W2134091793","https://openalex.org/W2468218167","https://openalex.org/W3179287245","https://openalex.org/W2246962413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"summary":[1,118],"This":[2,157],"article":[3],"introduces":[4],"the":[5,11,32,49,72,88,95,140,148,170,185],"propensity":[6,68],"score":[7,69],"matching":[8,70],"method":[9],"and":[10,66,71,178,191],"difference\u2010in\u2010differences":[12,73],"approach":[13,74],"as":[14],"an":[15,159],"innovative":[16],"way":[17],"to":[18,57,61,80,87,166],"create":[19],"a":[20,91,195],"quasi\u2010experimental":[21,196],"setting.":[22],"By":[23],"controlling":[24],"for":[25],"endogeneity,":[26,82],"these":[27,42],"methods":[28],"more":[29,109],"precisely":[30],"capture":[31],"dynamic":[33],"effect":[34],"of":[35,94,173],"strategy":[36,134,190,204],"adoption.":[37],"When":[38],"used":[39],"in":[40],"tandem,":[41],"empirical":[43],"methodologies":[44,77,181],"can":[45],"shed":[46],"light":[47],"on":[48,213],"multinationality\u2010performance":[50,96],"relationship":[51,143,187],"that":[52,78,102,150,182,202,220],"has":[53],"generated":[54],"mixed":[55],"findings":[56],"date,":[58],"mainly":[59],"due":[60],"methodological":[62],"limitations.":[63],"We":[64,98,176],"compare":[65,177],"contrast":[67,179],"with":[75],"alternative":[76],"attempt":[79],"handle":[81],"while":[83],"applying":[84],"them":[85],"specifically":[86],"learning\u2010by\u2010exporting":[89],"hypothesis,":[90],"classic":[92],"case":[93],"relationship.":[97],"find":[99,199],"strong":[100,200],"evidence":[101,201],"export":[103],"does":[104,207],"indeed":[105,208],"improve":[106,209],"firm":[107,137,192,210],"productivity,":[108],"so":[110],"when":[111,225],"firms":[112,153,227],"have":[113,228],"higher":[114,229],"learning":[115,214,222,230],"opportunities.":[116,231],"Managerial":[117],"Firms":[119],"increasingly":[120],"become":[121],"multinational":[122],"by":[123,147],"pursuing":[124],"international":[125,133,155,189,203],"markets.":[126],"However,":[127],"it":[128],"is":[129,223],"not":[130],"clear":[131],"whether":[132],"really":[135],"improves":[136],"performance,":[138],"since":[139,163],"observed":[141],"positive":[142],"may":[144],"be":[145,167],"driven":[146],"fact":[149],"better":[151],"performing":[152],"pursue":[154],"strategy.":[156],"poses":[158],"important":[160],"managerial":[161],"issue":[162],"managers":[164],"need":[165],"certain":[168],"about":[169],"causal":[171,186],"impact":[172],"strategic":[174],"choices.":[175],"various":[180],"help":[183],"establish":[184],"between":[188],"performance.":[193],"Using":[194],"method,":[197],"we":[198],"through":[205],"exporting":[206,216,226],"productivity":[211],"based":[212],"from":[215],"activities":[217],"and,":[218],"further,":[219],"such":[221],"greater":[224],"Copyright":[232],"\u00a9":[233],"2016":[234],"Strategic":[235],"Management":[236],"Society.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-12-16T00:00:00"}