{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2554418372","doi":null,"title":"BAG, BEG, BAGEL: Prevelar raising and merger in Pacific Northwest English","display_name":"BAG, BEG, BAGEL: Prevelar raising and merger in Pacific Northwest English","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2554418372","mag":"2554418372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2554418372","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://depts.washington.edu/uwwpl/vol32/freeman_2014.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088957093","display_name":"Valerie Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8155-423X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8155-423X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valerie Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington ;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088957093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8354545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.8169000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.8169000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.17710000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12768","display_name":"Linguistics and language evolution","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel-merger","display_name":"vowel merger","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.9323489665985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4730752408504486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76978605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102532","display_name":"Diphthong","level":3,"score":0.4376155436038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.41353869438171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.40868234634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.368680477142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.35125261545181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.34555327892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24486574530601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1758359670639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16573375463485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09321054816246033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0889754593372345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.08846515417098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2554418372","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://depts.washington.edu/uwwpl/vol32/freeman_2014.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40565051","https://openalex.org/W85754767","https://openalex.org/W639865318","https://openalex.org/W1494810338","https://openalex.org/W1875231349","https://openalex.org/W1977925348","https://openalex.org/W1982710041","https://openalex.org/W1987948595","https://openalex.org/W1997116745","https://openalex.org/W2008863649","https://openalex.org/W2009733015","https://openalex.org/W2016597489","https://openalex.org/W2029996593","https://openalex.org/W2038632574","https://openalex.org/W2038829438","https://openalex.org/W2044696775","https://openalex.org/W2061415165","https://openalex.org/W2062783322","https://openalex.org/W2063067545","https://openalex.org/W2103355623","https://openalex.org/W2118938353","https://openalex.org/W2132280069","https://openalex.org/W2153221321","https://openalex.org/W2161950325","https://openalex.org/W2164496512","https://openalex.org/W2323270672","https://openalex.org/W2332188015","https://openalex.org/W2345583634","https://openalex.org/W2499096190","https://openalex.org/W3216401400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157566199","https://openalex.org/W3012768748","https://openalex.org/W7128741565","https://openalex.org/W2067013746","https://openalex.org/W3179156751","https://openalex.org/W4318542768","https://openalex.org/W2038829438","https://openalex.org/W2976374874","https://openalex.org/W6997178681","https://openalex.org/W2103355623"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,30,132],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,6,13,16,21,43,156,169],"raising":[4,72,115,159],"of":[5,15,73,83,114],"low":[7],"front":[8,18],"vowels":[9],"/\u025b,":[10],"ae/":[11],"and":[12,48,61,80,87,108,116,152,154,176],"lowering":[14],"mid":[17],"/e/":[19,62],"before":[20],"voiced":[22],"velar":[23],"/\u0261/":[24],"in":[25,130,137,180,189],"Pacific":[26],"Northwest":[27],"English":[28],"(PNWE).":[29],"prevelar":[31],"system":[32],"appears":[33],"to":[34,123,139,195],"have":[35],"two":[36],"parts":[37],"with":[38,93,100,111,164,168],"differing":[39],"social":[40,84],"patterns.":[41],"In":[42,70],"most":[44],"advanced":[45],"part,":[46],"/\u025b\u0261/":[47,151,175,186],"/e\u0261/":[49,136,177],"are":[50,90],"homophonous":[51],"upgliding":[52],"diphthongs":[53],"merged":[54],"at":[55],"a":[56],"point":[57],"between":[58,78,150],"non-prevelar":[59,171],"/\u025b/":[60],"for":[63,158],"all":[64],"20":[65],"Caucasian":[66],"Seattle":[67],"speakers":[68,79,89],"examined.":[69],"contrast,":[71],"/ae\u0261/":[74,160],"is":[75,127,148],"more":[76,91],"variable":[77],"shows":[81],"signs":[82],"differentiation:":[85],"men":[86,95],"older":[88],"raised,":[92],"middle-aged":[94],"showing":[96],"near-complete":[97],"three-way":[98],"merger":[99,144,147,163],"/\u025b\u0261-e\u0261/.":[101],"Previous":[102],"work":[103],"has":[104,120],"described":[105],"both":[106],"/ae\u0261/-":[107],"/\u025b\u0261/-raising,":[109],"but":[110],"varying":[112],"degrees":[113],"incomplete":[117],"data,":[118],"it":[119,197],"been":[121],"difficult":[122],"determine":[124],"whether":[125],"either":[126],"truly":[128],"involved":[129],"merger.":[131],"study":[133],"specifically":[134],"included":[135],"order":[138],"provide":[140],"solid":[141],"evidence":[142],"that":[143,155],"or":[145],"near-":[146],"present":[149],"/e\u0261/,":[153],"target":[157],"may":[161,192],"be":[162,193],"these":[165],"two,":[166],"not":[167],"higher":[170],"/e/.":[172],"However,":[173],"although":[174],"overlap":[178],"significantly":[179],"F1xF2":[181],"space":[182],"throughout":[183],"their":[184],"trajectories,":[185],"remains":[187],"shorter":[188],"duration,":[190],"which":[191],"sufficient":[194],"differentiate":[196],"from":[198],"other":[199],"prevelars.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00"}