{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2553190811","doi":null,"title":"A GIS Assessment of Urban Sprawl in Richmond, Virginia","display_name":"A GIS Assessment of Urban Sprawl in Richmond, Virginia","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2553190811","mag":"2553190811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/33264","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05262005-132441/","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b580102a-be72-4e29-85ae-f4220b5664bf/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b580102a-be72-4e29-85ae-f4220b5664bf/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086381915","display_name":"Berkley S. Almeida","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Berkley S. Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086381915"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12502","display_name":"Urbanization and City Planning","score":0.7914999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12502","display_name":"Urbanization and City Planning","score":0.7914999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.053700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11858","display_name":"Urban Development and Societal Issues","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sprawl","display_name":"urban sprawl","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-expansion","display_name":"urban expansion","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburbanization","display_name":"suburbanization","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover-change","display_name":"land cover change","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-land-cover","display_name":"urban land cover","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-density","display_name":"population density","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-networks","display_name":"transportation networks","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-growth-patterns","display_name":"urban growth patterns","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chesterfield-county","display_name":"Chesterfield County","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"urban planning","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburban-development","display_name":"suburban development","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C487182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban sprawl","level":3,"score":0.8637223243713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3832366168498993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.3400741517543793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25791966915130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.21585440635681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.18868064880371094}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/33264","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05262005-132441/","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b580102a-be72-4e29-85ae-f4220b5664bf/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2553190811","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/33264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/33264","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05262005-132441/","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b580102a-be72-4e29-85ae-f4220b5664bf/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2553190811.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2553190811.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W305872845","https://openalex.org/W1502894831","https://openalex.org/W1580476372","https://openalex.org/W1586773443","https://openalex.org/W1975935356","https://openalex.org/W1999829841","https://openalex.org/W2011797706","https://openalex.org/W2027112435","https://openalex.org/W2031223479","https://openalex.org/W2035982357","https://openalex.org/W2061840415","https://openalex.org/W2073264179","https://openalex.org/W2116452978","https://openalex.org/W2123759405","https://openalex.org/W2387165928","https://openalex.org/W2978426910","https://openalex.org/W4250128832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2257474121","https://openalex.org/W2556969374","https://openalex.org/W2468231597","https://openalex.org/W7096096147","https://openalex.org/W4387647082","https://openalex.org/W7123934875","https://openalex.org/W2050961965","https://openalex.org/W7100272257","https://openalex.org/W2247783623","https://openalex.org/W2534608382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,4,15,25,36,85,89,128,162,166,171,183,218,226,232,235,246,265,285,345,357,371,376,382,399,408,419,484,518,537,547,582],"United":[2,172],"States,":[3],"urban":[5,11,32,50,213,288,300,313,318,379,392,487,490,526,534,544],"sprawl":[6,488,500,545],"debate":[7],"has":[8,589],"closely":[9],"paralleled":[10],"growth":[12,33,380,425,510,535],"trends":[13,311,335],"over":[14,302,381],"past":[16],"few":[17],"decades.":[18],"Many":[19],"studies":[20],"indicate":[21,516],"that":[22,34,87,364,517,533],"it":[23],"is":[24,575,593,598],"pattern,":[26],"density,":[27,458,464],"and":[28,60,73,75,104,151,185,198,224,259,293,297,329,401,410,421,441,465,477,511,532,554,567,579,584],"rate":[29],"of":[30,38,94,98,137,165,228,234,287,347,378,391,412,414,423,432,435,486,549,556,572],"new":[31,415,424,573],"create":[35],"appearance":[37],"sprawl.":[39,51,80,596],"Population":[40],"dynamics":[41],"are":[42],"often":[43],"cited":[44],"as":[45,177,278,322,324,430,497,506,543],"a":[46],"driving":[47],"force":[48],"behind":[49],"This":[52,216,315],"thesis":[53],"uses":[54],"Geographic":[55],"Information":[56],"Systems":[57],"(GIS)":[58],"mapping":[59,396],"land":[61,108,289,319,527,565,603],"cover":[62,109,320],"change":[63],"analysis,":[64],"neighborhood":[65,402,552],"statistics,":[66,553],"community":[67],"surveying,":[68],"key-informant":[69],"interviews":[70,325,562],"with":[71,225,326,546,561,563,586,595,604],"planners":[72,478,502],"developers,":[74,564],"planning":[76,330,558],"documents":[77],"to":[78,118,125,144,159,192,209,220,239,261,277,309,332,340,359,374,406,448,460,467,479,499,530],"measure":[79],"The":[81,135,514,570],"study":[82,316,538],"area":[83,539],"includes":[84],"jurisdictions":[86],"comprise":[88],"Metropolitan":[90],"Statistical":[91],"Area":[92],"(MSA)":[93],"Richmond":[95,138,337,519],"(The":[96],"City":[97,136],"Richmond,":[99],"Chesterfield":[100],"County,":[101,103],"Hanover":[102,152,592],"Henrico":[105,578],"County).":[106],"Urban":[107],"increased":[110,154],"by":[111,394,601],"one-fourth,":[112],"from":[113,123,140,157,264,338,528],"approximately":[114,119],"559":[115],"square":[116,121,454],"kilometers":[117,122],"746":[120],"1992":[124,339,529],"2001.":[126,160,341],"Over":[127],"nine":[129,383],"year":[130,384],"time":[131,305,385],"period,":[132],"population":[133,156,196,219,294],"within":[134,296,398],"decreased":[139],"203,056":[141],"in":[142,146,155,170,182,189,231,284,307,312,336,356,404,525,536,577,591],"1990":[143,158],"197,790":[145],"2000,":[147],"while":[148,501],"Chesterfield,":[149,580],"Henrico,":[150],"Counties":[153],"Until":[161],"early":[163],"part":[164],"20th":[167],"century,":[168],"cities":[169],"States":[173],"experienced":[174],"dramatic":[175],"densification":[176],"industry":[178],"set":[179],"up":[180,272],"shop":[181],"city":[184,266],"workers":[186],"flocked":[187],"there":[188],"large":[190],"numbers":[191],"claim":[193],"jobs.":[194],"As":[195],"grew":[197],"technology":[199],"became":[200],"more":[201,222,243,249,252,255],"advanced,":[202],"many":[203],"people":[204,258],"left":[205],"rural":[206,268],"farming":[207],"areas":[208,301],"settle":[210],"near":[211],"industrialized":[212],"core":[214,299],"areas.":[215],"allowed":[217],"earn":[221],"money":[223],"introduction":[227],"cheap":[229],"transportation":[230,291],"form":[233,286],"automobile,":[236],"suburbanization":[237,283],"began":[238],"take":[240],"place.":[241],"With":[242,251],"cars":[244],"came":[245,254],"need":[247],"for":[248,257,456,462,469],"roads.":[250],"roads":[253],"opportunities":[256],"employment":[260],"move":[262],"away":[263],"into":[267],"areas,":[269,426],"thereby":[270],"setting":[271],"communities":[273],"which":[274,353,587],"some":[275],"refer":[276],"sprawling":[279],"developments.":[280],"GIS":[281,358,400,550],"maps":[282],"cover,":[290],"networks,":[292],"densities":[295,445],"outside":[298],"any":[303],"given":[304],"period":[306],"order":[308,405],"assess":[310],"growth.":[314,416,491],"analyzes":[317],"data":[321],"well":[323],"local":[327,475,568],"developers":[328,476],"documentation":[331,559],"understand":[333],"development":[334,574,588],"These":[342],"dates":[343],"reflect":[344],"availability":[346],"National":[348],"Land":[349],"Cover":[350],"Data":[351],"(NLCD),":[352],"I":[354,368,388,427,472],"reclassified":[355],"show":[360,375,407],"only":[361],"those":[362],"classes":[363],"represent":[365],"urbanized":[366],"land.":[367],"then":[369],"compared":[370],"two":[372],"years":[373],"level":[377],"period.":[386],"Next,":[387],"analyze":[389],"patterns":[390,429],"expansion":[393],"using":[395],"capabilities":[397],"statistics":[403],"density":[409,420,571],"connectivity":[411,422],"patches":[413],"Based":[417],"on":[418,483],"classify":[428],"one":[431],"three":[433],"types":[434],"sprawl:":[436],"linear":[437],"along":[438],"highways,":[439],"cluster,":[440],"leapfrog.":[442],"My":[443],"threshold":[444],"are;":[446],"0":[447],"400":[449],"30":[450],"meter":[451],"pixels":[452],"per":[453],"kilometer":[455],"low":[457],"401":[459],"700":[461],"medium":[463],"701":[466],"1200":[468],"high":[470],"density.":[471],"also":[473,599],"interviewed":[474],"gauge":[480],"their":[481,504],"opinions":[482],"issue":[485],"versus":[489],"Developers":[492],"do":[493],"not":[494],"see":[495,503],"themselves":[496],"contributors":[498],"roles":[505],"buffers":[507],"between":[508],"unfettered":[509],"market":[512],"forces.":[513],"results":[515],"MSA":[520],"did":[521],"experience":[522],"an":[523],"increase":[524],"2001":[531],"can":[540],"be":[541],"classified":[542],"use":[548],"mapping,":[551],"analysis":[555],"jurisdictional":[557],"coupled":[560],"owners,":[566],"planners.":[569],"greatest":[576],"but":[581],"pattern":[583],"character":[585],"occurred":[590],"synonymous":[594],"Sprawl":[597],"facilitated":[600],"inexpensive":[602],"available":[605],"infrastructure":[606],"(water,":[607],"sewer":[608],"lines).":[609]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00"}