{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2552737552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968800","title":"Extracting fundamental transverse mode operation in broad area quantum cascade lasers","display_name":"Extracting fundamental transverse mode operation in broad area quantum cascade lasers","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2552737552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968800","mag":"2552737552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.4968800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011529840","display_name":"R. Kaspi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-3052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-3052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482745","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq48551","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482745","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Kaspi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022904334","display_name":"Sanh Q. Luong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482745","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq48551","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482745","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Luong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602202","display_name":"C. B. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-8631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-8631"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482745","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq48551","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482745","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109904942","display_name":"Chunte A. Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482745","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq48551","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482745","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111787530","display_name":"Tim C. Newell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482745","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq48551","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482745","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. C. Newell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016123974","display_name":"Timothy J. Bate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1744-8907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1744-8907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482745","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq48551","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482745","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Bate","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1744-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Directed Energy Directorate, Laser Division AFRL/RDLTD, 3550 Aberdeen Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482745"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0464,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76151063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"21","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.06019999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12760","display_name":"Laser Design and Applications","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cascade-laser","display_name":"quantum cascade lasers","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broad-area-lasers","display_name":"broad-area lasers","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transverse-mode-suppression","display_name":"transverse mode suppression","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tem00-mode","display_name":"TEM00 mode","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-transverse-modes","display_name":"higher-order transverse modes","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/far-field-beam-profile","display_name":"far-field beam profile","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-ion-beam-milling","display_name":"focused ion beam milling","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffraction-limited-beam","display_name":"diffraction-limited beam","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-brightness","display_name":"laser brightness","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-scaling","display_name":"power scaling","score":0.8999999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.7954342365264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154954056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1604164","display_name":"Transverse plane","level":2,"score":0.7338902950286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6801045536994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194136796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597069","display_name":"Transverse mode","level":3,"score":0.6582589745521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.6562926173210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.5902494788169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5082427859306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.48354339599609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.4746157228946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.47213321924209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4698179066181183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.44845741987228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29169072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521166","display_name":"Quantum well","level":3,"score":0.44162410497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4304627478122711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121477167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154002","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","level":3,"score":0.4267769455909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3825855851173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10992735624313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.4968800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969410904","https://openalex.org/W1970464658","https://openalex.org/W1989245897","https://openalex.org/W2007347994","https://openalex.org/W2009225168","https://openalex.org/W2009985280","https://openalex.org/W2013575543","https://openalex.org/W2015703367","https://openalex.org/W2020314117","https://openalex.org/W2028679481","https://openalex.org/W2039699764","https://openalex.org/W2041190749","https://openalex.org/W2290977033","https://openalex.org/W2511993914","https://openalex.org/W2521795733","https://openalex.org/W3196040963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801874021","https://openalex.org/W2769830114","https://openalex.org/W1986107366","https://openalex.org/W3082448999","https://openalex.org/W2041190749","https://openalex.org/W2012708665","https://openalex.org/W2990160222","https://openalex.org/W4309240210","https://openalex.org/W1969410904","https://openalex.org/W3040755650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"scaling":[1],"in":[2,9,63,66,85,93],"broad":[3,82],"area":[4,83],"quantum":[5],"cascade":[6],"lasers":[7],"results":[8],"the":[10,31,40,48,55,64,67,74,89],"operation":[11],"of":[12,22,38,69,88],"high":[13,41,100],"order":[14,42],"transverse":[15,43],"modes":[16,44],"with":[17],"a":[18,36,60,94],"far-field":[19],"profile":[20],"consisting":[21],"two":[23],"lobes":[24],"propagating":[25],"at":[26],"large":[27],"angles":[28],"relative":[29],"to":[30],"optical":[32,56],"axis.":[33,57],"We":[34],"report":[35,81],"method":[37],"suppressing":[39],"that":[45,98],"can":[46],"extract":[47],"fundamental":[49],"mode":[50],"and":[51],"provide":[52],"emission":[53],"along":[54],"By":[58],"generating":[59],"lateral":[61],"constriction":[62],"waveguide":[65],"form":[68],"short":[70],"trenches":[71],"defined":[72],"by":[73],"focused":[75],"ion":[76],"beam":[77,97],"milling":[78],"technique,":[79],"we":[80],"devices":[84],"which":[86],"most":[87],"power":[90],"is":[91],"contained":[92],"near":[95],"diffraction-limited":[96],"provides":[99],"brightness.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00"}