{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2549688285","doi":null,"title":"School Consolidation and Transportation Policy: An Empirical and Institutional Analysis","display_name":"School Consolidation and Transportation Policy: An Empirical and Institutional Analysis","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2549688285","mag":"2549688285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2549688285","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ruraledu.org/user_uploads/file/school_consolidation_and_transportation_policy.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017658718","display_name":"Kieran M. Killeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5080-2878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5080-2878"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kieran M. Killeen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011236651","display_name":"John W. Sipple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4057-8344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4057-8344"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W. Sipple","raw_affiliation_strings":["cornell University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4057-8344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94707252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14033","display_name":"Education in Rural Contexts","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14033","display_name":"Education in Rural Contexts","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13387","display_name":"Politics, Economics, and Education Policy","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-consolidation","display_name":"school consolidation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-school-districts","display_name":"rural school districts","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-differences","display_name":"urban-rural differences","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-context","display_name":"institutional environment","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-legitimacy","display_name":"organizational legitimacy","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-survival","display_name":"organizational survival","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-expenditures","display_name":"instructional expenditures","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-schools","display_name":"small schools","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-district-spending","display_name":"school district expenditures","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-equity","display_name":"educational equity","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-funding","display_name":"school finance","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-policy","display_name":"transport policy","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-death","display_name":"organizational death","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776014549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050847","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","level":2,"score":0.8045637607574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992462468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398141","display_name":"School district","level":2,"score":0.512600839138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.511623203754425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.4518827199935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41379567980766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3741203248500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3531780540943146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3035358190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.20025968551635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10755982995033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10648167133331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2549688285","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ruraledu.org/user_uploads/file/school_consolidation_and_transportation_policy.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7567999958992004,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181820446","https://openalex.org/W308540319","https://openalex.org/W656899383","https://openalex.org/W1517094287","https://openalex.org/W1593606745","https://openalex.org/W1690546512","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1970326724","https://openalex.org/W1986269676","https://openalex.org/W1986310198","https://openalex.org/W1987735095","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1996216743","https://openalex.org/W2013495156","https://openalex.org/W2026831886","https://openalex.org/W2040315858","https://openalex.org/W2062853059","https://openalex.org/W2065274944","https://openalex.org/W2112368840","https://openalex.org/W2147053937","https://openalex.org/W2172230798","https://openalex.org/W2312844133","https://openalex.org/W2321960815","https://openalex.org/W2724785233","https://openalex.org/W2728572473","https://openalex.org/W2731364430","https://openalex.org/W3125886193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096965974","https://openalex.org/W1971920233","https://openalex.org/W1501696354","https://openalex.org/W2031678520","https://openalex.org/W3204443266","https://openalex.org/W1486587262","https://openalex.org/W2164851696","https://openalex.org/W2065274944","https://openalex.org/W7036627375","https://openalex.org/W195948933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DOCUMENT":[0],"RESUME":[1],"RC":[2],"022":[3],"552":[4],"Killeen,":[5],"Kieran;":[6],"Sipple,":[7],"John":[8,365],"School":[9,24,73,284,300],"Consolidation":[10,285],"and":[11,16,25,86,94,114,122,182,191,200,222,262,266,286,291,301,315],"Transportation":[12,77,287],"Policy:":[13,288],"An":[14,159,289],"Empirical":[15,290],"Institutional":[17,56,195,292],"Analysis.":[18],"A":[19,294],"Working":[20],"Paper.":[21],"Revised.":[22],"Rural":[23,62,299],"Community":[26,302],"Trust,":[27],"Randolph,":[28],"VT.":[29],"2000-04-24":[30],"53p.;":[31],"Some":[32],"figures":[33],"may":[34],"not":[35,203,355],"reproduce":[36],"adequately.":[37],"For":[38],"full":[39],"text:":[40],"http://www.ruralchallenge.org/publications.html.":[41],"Reports":[42],"Research":[43,314],"(143)":[44],"MF01/PC03":[45],"Plus":[46],"Postage.":[47],"*Consolidated":[48],"Schools;":[49,61,71],"Costs;":[50],"Educational":[51,313],"Equity.(Finance);":[52],"Elementary":[53],"Secondary":[54],"Education;":[55],"Environment;":[57],"*Institutional":[58],"Survival;":[59],"*Rural":[60],"Urban":[63],"Differences;":[64],"*School":[65,68],"District":[66,74],"Spending;":[67],"Districts;":[69],"Small":[70],"State":[72],"Relationship;":[75],"*Student":[76],"This":[78],"study":[79],"examines":[80],"the":[81,106,136,162,173,216,274,281,298,330],"relationship":[82],"between":[83],"school":[84,113,115,133,144,180,224],"consolidation":[85,167,209,246],"district":[87,116],"transportation":[88,103,118,123,149,241],"costs,":[89,150],"effects":[90],"on":[91,100],"instructional":[92],"expenditures,":[93],"institutional":[95,163],"factors":[96],"supporting":[97],"consolidation.":[98,158],"Data":[99],"actual":[101],"student":[102],"costs":[104,119,124,242],"across":[105],"United":[107],"States":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110,138,239,276],"despite":[111],"widespread":[112],"consolidation,":[117,207],"have":[120,338],"increased,":[121],"per":[125],"child":[126],"are":[127,273],"greater":[128],"in":[129,142,146,247,256,351],"rural":[130,143,248,257],"than":[131],"urban":[132],"districts.":[134],"Given":[135],"evidence":[137],"economy-of-scale":[139],"arguments":[140],"fail":[141],"districts":[145,225],"terms":[147],"of":[148,161,175,197,219,312,346],"reasons":[151],"beyond":[152],"fiscal":[153],"criteria":[154],"must":[155],"be":[156,278],"driving":[157],"analysis":[160],"environment":[164],"shows":[165],"how":[166],"has":[168,183,324],"been":[169,184,325,339],"justified":[170],"according":[171],"to":[172,205,230,252,341],"exaction":[174],"state":[176],"authority":[177],"over":[178],"local":[179],"districts,":[181],"supported":[185],"through":[186],"national":[187],"policy":[188],"towards":[189],"housing":[190],"land":[192],"use":[193],"development.":[194],"perspectives":[196],"organizational":[198,213,217,231],"legitimacy":[199],"survival":[201],"would":[202],"seem":[204],"justify":[206],"but":[208],"always":[210],"terminates":[211],"some":[212],"form.":[214],"Perhaps":[215],"form":[218],"small":[220],"schools":[221],"weak":[223],"makes":[226],"them":[227],"more":[228],"susceptible":[229],"death":[232],"by":[233,271],"other":[234],"legitimacy-seeking":[235],"organizations.":[236],"It":[237],"appears":[238],"higher":[240],"associated":[243],"with":[244],"extensive":[245],"areas":[249],"constrain":[250],"opportunities":[251],"fund":[253],"quality":[254],"instruction":[255],"areas.":[258],"(Contains":[259],"44":[260],"references":[261],"12":[263],"data":[264],"tables":[265],"figures.)":[267],"(TD)":[268],"Reproductions":[269],"supplied":[270],"EDRS":[272],"best":[275],"can":[277],"made":[279,340],"from":[280,329],"original":[282],"document.":[283],"Analysis":[293],"Worldng":[295],"Paper":[296],"for":[297],"Trust":[303],"Policy":[304],"Program":[305],"www.ruralchallenge.org":[306],"U.S.":[307],"DEPARTMENT":[308],"OF":[309],"EDUCATION":[310],"Office":[311],"Improvement":[316],"EDUCATIONAL":[317,389],"RESOURCES":[318,390],"INFORMATION":[319,391],"CENTER":[320,392],"(ERIC)":[321],"'his":[322],"document":[323,353],"reproduced":[326],"as":[327],"received":[328],"person":[331],"or":[332,348,361],"organization":[333],"originating":[334],"it.":[335],"Minor":[336],"changes":[337],"improve":[342],"reproduction":[343],"quality.":[344],"Points":[345],"view":[347],"opinions":[349],"stated":[350],"this":[352],"do":[354],"necessarily":[356],"represent":[357],"official":[358],"OERI":[359],"position":[360],"policy.":[362],"Kieran":[363],"Killeen":[364],"Sipple":[366],"Cornell":[367],"University":[368],"Revised":[369],"April":[370],"24,":[371],"2000":[372],"PERMISSION":[373],"TO":[374,387],"REPRODUCE":[375],"THIS":[376],"MATERIAL":[377],"HAS":[378],"BEEN":[379],"GRANTED":[380],"BY":[381],"A.":[382],"6.":[383],"re,":[384],"vIN":[385],"05:,As":[386],"THE":[388],"(ERIC).":[393],"2":[394],"BEST":[395],"COPY":[396],"AVAILABLE":[397]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00"}
