{"id":"https://openalex.org/W254906990","doi":null,"title":"Employment in Later Life: A Focus on Race/Ethnicity and Gender","display_name":"Employment in Later Life: A Focus on Race/Ethnicity and Gender","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W254906990","mag":"254906990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:254906990","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1318281351/employment-in-later-life-a-focus-on-race-ethnicity","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306511226","display_name":"Generations","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Generations","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036117887","display_name":"Jeffrey A. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-0518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-0518"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey A. Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031537278","display_name":"Jan E. Mutchler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-3268","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-3268"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Mutchler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-3268","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88665333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"37","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13695","display_name":"Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-workers","display_name":"older workers","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement","display_name":"retirement","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-ethnicity","display_name":"race and ethnicity","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender","display_name":"gender","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-of-color","display_name":"people of color","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matthew-effect","display_name":"Matthew effect","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-disadvantage","display_name":"cumulative disadvantage","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-course-perspective","display_name":"life course perspective","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration","display_name":"immigration","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culturally-competent-services","display_name":"culturally competent services","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-retirement","display_name":"early retirement","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-supply","display_name":"labor supply","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-policy","display_name":"pension policy","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776444593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610548","display_name":"Baby boom","level":3,"score":0.67403244972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5862769484519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.5832645297050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5356300473213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179879699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7578697","display_name":"Split labor market theory","level":4,"score":0.48562803864479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47984740138053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.4170604944229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38258492946624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3718053102493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36488455533981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30527082085609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.2768734097480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22446343302726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80984254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608190","display_name":"Labor relations","level":2,"score":0.1813690960407257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.15532255172729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72614640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7443850","display_name":"Secondary labor market","level":3,"score":0.12183481454849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.11352783441543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:254906990","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1318281351/employment-in-later-life-a-focus-on-race-ethnicity","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306511226","display_name":"Generations","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Generations","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032173835","https://openalex.org/W2139254490","https://openalex.org/W4412628685","https://openalex.org/W2102627371","https://openalex.org/W2588238723","https://openalex.org/W7096091745","https://openalex.org/W2736077280","https://openalex.org/W2117724054","https://openalex.org/W2405241933","https://openalex.org/W2170866756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Until":[0],"recendy,":[1],"the":[2,14,34,59,93,112,133,241,246,257,306,325,364,416,500,506,532],"central":[3,313],"focus":[4,77],"of":[5,17,25,51,56,61,86,102,111,126,137,140,165,197,219,248,260,294,297,315,318,327,418,476,482,496,508,514,566,578],"researchers,":[6],"business":[7],"leaders,":[8],"and":[9,37,66,120,123,161,169,184,189,205,229,287,299,330,334,370,380,383,390,399,412,420,440,463,473,523,544,552,559,576,589],"policy":[10,413],"makers":[11],"interested":[12],"in":[13,70,92,240,373,388,393,428,441,488,586],"labor-force":[15,167,542],"behavior":[16,546,570],"older":[18,40,87,113,127,141,192,261,295,519],"people":[19,196,262,296,347,486,577],"was":[20],"primarily":[21],"on":[22,266,324,446],"die":[23,62,67,76,82,121,138,145,176,216,222,234,291,344,432,489,512,515],"phenomenon":[24],"early":[26,487],"retirement.":[27],"Namely,":[28],"what":[29,442],"factors":[30],"promote":[31,97],"exit":[32,569],"from":[33,226],"labor":[35,71,83,118,147,213,408],"force,":[36],"how":[38],"can":[39],"workers":[41,128,193],"be":[42,531],"encouraged":[43],"to":[44,46,107,132,158,209,221,304,355,434,437],"retire":[45],"make":[47],"room":[48],"for":[49,469,571],"members":[50,475],"younger,":[52],"less":[53,268],"expensive":[54],"cohorts":[55],"workers?":[57],"Widi":[58],"aging":[60],"baby":[63],"boom":[64],"generation":[65],"expected":[68],"downturn":[69],"supply":[72,119,148,214],"among":[73,171,472],"younger":[74,536],"workers,":[75,88],"is":[78,104,153,199,215,237,239,252,302,322,342,444],"increasingly":[79,154,211],"toward":[80],"understanding":[81,164],"market":[84],"experiences":[85,122,259,293,583],"including":[89,431],"seeking":[90],"innovations":[91],"workplace":[94],"diat":[95,346,361,401,541],"may":[96,530],"prolonged":[98],"participation.":[99],"This":[100,254],"issue":[101],"Generations":[103],"a":[105,309,535],"testament":[106],"our":[108],"new-found":[109],"appreciation":[110],"worker.":[114],"Concerns":[115],"over":[116,175,363],"late-life":[117,166,319],"employment":[124,258,292,521],"outcomes":[125],"are":[129,195,371,402,525,547,562],"intrinsically":[130],"connected":[131],"changing":[134],"demographic":[135],"composition":[136],"population":[139],"adults.":[142],"Simply":[143,339],"put,":[144,340],"American":[146],"across":[149],"all":[150,572],"age":[151],"groups":[152],"diverse":[155,212],"with":[156,263,369,467,493],"respect":[157],"gender,":[159,550],"race,":[160,551],"ethnicity.":[162],"Our":[163],"participation":[168,543],"retirement":[170,545],"women":[172,575],"has":[173],"increased":[174,235],"past":[177],"tew":[178],"decades":[179],"(see":[180,554],"Hill,":[181],"2002;":[182],"Munnell":[183],"Zhivan,":[185],"2006),":[186],"but":[187,277],"research":[188,286,539],"knowledge":[190],"about":[191],"who":[194,348],"color":[198,298,579],"relatively":[200],"sparse":[201],"(however,":[202],"see":[203,505],"Flippen":[204],"Tienda,":[206],"2000).":[207],"Contributing":[208],"an":[210,452],"unprecedented":[217],"level":[218],"immigration":[220],"United":[223],"States,":[224],"especially":[225,244],"I^atin":[227],"America":[228],"Asia.":[230],"One":[231],"area":[232],"where":[233,245,518],"diversity":[236],"important":[238,377],"human-services":[242],"field,":[243],"delivery":[247],"culturally":[249],"competent":[250],"services":[251],"required.":[253],"article":[255],"describes":[256],"special":[264],"emphasis":[265],"these":[267,509],"studied":[269],"groups.":[270],"We":[271],"offer":[272],"more":[273,526],"questions":[274,282],"than":[275,529],"answers":[276],"hope":[278],"that":[279,584],"raising":[280],"diese":[281],"will":[283],"stimulate":[284],"additional":[285],"dialogue.":[288],"To":[289],"appreciate":[290],"women,":[300],"it":[301,341],"useful":[303],"frame":[305],"issues":[307],"within":[308],"life-course":[310,582],"perspective.":[311],"A":[312],"dieme":[314],"recent":[316],"studies":[317],"economic":[320,352,426],"inequality":[321],"based":[323,445],"concepts":[326],"cumulative":[328,331],"advantage":[329,353,362],"disadvantage":[332],"(Crystal":[333],"Shea,":[335],"1990;":[336],"O'Rand,":[337],"1996).":[338],"often":[343,527,580],"case":[345,533],"start":[349],"life":[350,365,490,516],"widi":[351],"compared":[354],"odiers":[356],"maintain":[357],"or":[358],"even":[359],"increase":[360],"course.":[366],"People":[367],"interact":[368],"affected":[372],"different":[374],"ways":[375],"by":[376,485,549],"social,":[378],"economic,":[379],"political":[381],"structures":[382,398],"institutions,":[384],"yielding":[385],"considerable":[386],"variability":[387],"income":[389],"wealth":[391],"status":[392,558],"later":[394,429],"life.":[395],"The":[396,480],"social":[397],"institutions":[400],"most":[403],"influential":[404],"include":[405],"shifting":[406],"demographics,":[407],"markets,":[409],"education":[410],"systems,":[411],"environments":[414],"(e.g.,":[415,456],"mix":[417],"private":[419],"public":[421],"pension":[422,560,590],"policies).":[423],"Generally":[424],"speaking,":[425],"well-being":[427],"life,":[430],"ability":[433],"choose":[435],"whedier":[436],"keep":[438],"working":[439],"fashion,":[443],"many":[447],"individual":[448],"factors,":[449],"such":[450],"as":[451],"individual's":[453],"human":[454],"capital":[455],"education,":[457],"work":[458],"experience),":[459],"health,":[460],"marital":[461],"status,":[462],"family":[464],"stability,":[465],"along":[466],"competition":[468],"scarce":[470],"resources":[471],"between":[474],"specific":[477],"birth":[478],"cohorts.":[479],"consequences":[481],"decisions":[483],"made":[484],"course":[491],"combined":[492],"variable":[494],"climates":[495],"opportunity":[497],"accumulate":[498],"throughout":[499],"adult":[501],"years.":[502],"Eventually,":[503],"we":[504],"effects":[507],"processes":[510],"at":[511,534],"end":[513],"course,":[517],"workers'":[520],"circumstances":[522],"opportunities":[524],"fixed":[528],"age.":[537],"Existing":[538],"shows":[540],"conditioned":[548],"edinicity":[553],"Table":[555],"i).":[556],"Health":[557],"availability":[561],"two":[563],"critical":[564],"predictors":[565],"labor-":[567],"force":[568],"groups,":[573],"yet":[574],"have":[581],"result":[585],"disadvantaged":[587],"healdi":[588],"profiles.":[591],"\u2026":[592]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}