{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2548670201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","title":"Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)","display_name":"Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2548670201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","mag":"2548670201","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42016086","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13093066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738498342","display_name":"EFSA Journal","issn_l":"1831-4732","issn":["1831-4732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EFSA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2548670201"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2400},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2400},"fwci":13.4201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":437,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99390244,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"7","first_page":"2815","last_page":"2815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10387","display_name":"Fatty Acid Research and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10387","display_name":"Fatty Acid Research and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10450","display_name":"Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10909","display_name":"Edible Oils Quality and Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tolerable-upper-intake-level","display_name":"tolerable upper intake level","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eicosapentaenoic-acid","display_name":"eicosapentaenoic acid","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/docosahexaenoic-acid","display_name":"docosahexaenoic acid","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/docosapentaenoic-acid","display_name":"docosapentaenoic acid","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-chain-n-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids","display_name":"n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-oil-supplements","display_name":"fish oil supplements","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-safety","display_name":"dietary safety","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ldl-cholesterol","display_name":"LDL cholesterol","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bleeding-risk","display_name":"bleeding risk","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stability","display_name":"oxidative stability","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk","display_name":"cardiovascular risk","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-recommendations","display_name":"dietary recommendations","score":0.625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781349093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17177300","display_name":"Docosapentaenoic acid","level":5,"score":0.9836536645889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777171753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423345","display_name":"Docosahexaenoic acid","level":4,"score":0.9574751257896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776091944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409990","display_name":"Eicosapentaenoic acid","level":4,"score":0.9219899773597717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.5262364745140076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5105956196784973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.40026187896728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.28833070397377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19038510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005087","display_name":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid","level":3,"score":0.24341949820518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543025807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61476","display_name":"Fatty acid","level":2,"score":0.2348039448261261}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738498342","display_name":"EFSA Journal","issn_l":"1831-4732","issn":["1831-4732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EFSA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13093066","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13093066/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13093066/pdf/EFS2-10-2815.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EFSA J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42016086","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42016086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/257879","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2434/257879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2963908084264032b657b5957bcdd98e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2963908084264032b657b5957bcdd98e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EFSA Journal, Vol 10, Iss 7 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/b1d1511b-b91a-4457-b3d6-520685e8e20b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/b1d1511b-b91a-4457-b3d6-520685e8e20b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EFSA Publication 2012 , EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion related to the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) . the EFSA Journal , no. 2815 , vol. 10(7) , European Food Safety Authority , Parma, Italy . https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","raw_type":"book"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738498342","display_name":"EFSA Journal","issn_l":"1831-4732","issn":["1831-4732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EFSA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2548670201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2548670201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88262206","https://openalex.org/W162365226","https://openalex.org/W208010477","https://openalex.org/W237879491","https://openalex.org/W290058877","https://openalex.org/W330502944","https://openalex.org/W1496713467","https://openalex.org/W1512558723","https://openalex.org/W1555888886","https://openalex.org/W1566376036","https://openalex.org/W1588989558","https://openalex.org/W1825869055","https://openalex.org/W1850077490","https://openalex.org/W1883520245","https://openalex.org/W1895646380","https://openalex.org/W1916791904","https://openalex.org/W1950579475","https://openalex.org/W1965836207","https://openalex.org/W1971215831","https://openalex.org/W1974819063","https://openalex.org/W1977779969","https://openalex.org/W1982747617","https://openalex.org/W1984005711","https://openalex.org/W1986222699","https://openalex.org/W1990144015","https://openalex.org/W1998099682","https://openalex.org/W2000049287","https://openalex.org/W2000060526","https://openalex.org/W2003025322","https://openalex.org/W2003087572","https://openalex.org/W2004903728","https://openalex.org/W2005622814","https://openalex.org/W2007576400","https://openalex.org/W2014696483","https://openalex.org/W2022343137","https://openalex.org/W2033378159","https://openalex.org/W2034363500","https://openalex.org/W2036725388","https://openalex.org/W2040463904","https://openalex.org/W2041749596","https://openalex.org/W2043709513","https://openalex.org/W2044226499","https://openalex.org/W2045163136","https://openalex.org/W2047006490","https://openalex.org/W2049069835","https://openalex.org/W2049492268","https://openalex.org/W2050805535","https://openalex.org/W2052620776","https://openalex.org/W2054483955","https://openalex.org/W2056356079","https://openalex.org/W2058593684","https://openalex.org/W2058598807","https://openalex.org/W2066135266","https://openalex.org/W2068095019","https://openalex.org/W2071268296","https://openalex.org/W2071755201","https://openalex.org/W2072498679","https://openalex.org/W2078958439","https://openalex.org/W2080152524","https://openalex.org/W2081019976","https://openalex.org/W2081938155","https://openalex.org/W2090162029","https://openalex.org/W2091085223","https://openalex.org/W2093949592","https://openalex.org/W2096926867","https://openalex.org/W2096939394","https://openalex.org/W2097996074","https://openalex.org/W2100348159","https://openalex.org/W2107483729","https://openalex.org/W2114344280","https://openalex.org/W2115781181","https://openalex.org/W2117456535","https://openalex.org/W2124168944","https://openalex.org/W2124653507","https://openalex.org/W2125329023","https://openalex.org/W2127217414","https://openalex.org/W2129034209","https://openalex.org/W2129933214","https://openalex.org/W2132680212","https://openalex.org/W2133293840","https://openalex.org/W2135981842","https://openalex.org/W2137333957","https://openalex.org/W2138013532","https://openalex.org/W2142347023","https://openalex.org/W2144521104","https://openalex.org/W2145954377","https://openalex.org/W2149011476","https://openalex.org/W2150421099","https://openalex.org/W2151700012","https://openalex.org/W2156419944","https://openalex.org/W2160398757","https://openalex.org/W2163481424","https://openalex.org/W2165645973","https://openalex.org/W2172062221","https://openalex.org/W2252577441","https://openalex.org/W2322663427","https://openalex.org/W2338023005","https://openalex.org/W2338993835","https://openalex.org/W2400230415","https://openalex.org/W2406682636","https://openalex.org/W2413587321","https://openalex.org/W2466667278","https://openalex.org/W2551013742","https://openalex.org/W2555914033","https://openalex.org/W2613229094","https://openalex.org/W2767704634","https://openalex.org/W3035200041","https://openalex.org/W4299432388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7124167523","https://openalex.org/W1958726296","https://openalex.org/W2105023289","https://openalex.org/W4416567651","https://openalex.org/W3118775982","https://openalex.org/W2148607791","https://openalex.org/W2106587704","https://openalex.org/W2145143195","https://openalex.org/W2132487687","https://openalex.org/W2766695857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Following":[0],"a":[1,19,49],"request":[2],"from":[3],"the":[4,7,23,30,99,118,122,251,264,267,284],"European":[5,227],"Commission,":[6],"Panel":[8],"on":[9,22,166,182,222],"Dietetic":[10],"Products,":[11],"Nutrition":[12],"and":[13,39,86,131,140,189,198,219,232,288],"Allergies":[14],"was":[15],"asked":[16],"to":[17,47,90,97,175,195,205,241],"deliver":[18],"scientific":[20],"opinion":[21],"Tolerable":[24],"Upper":[25],"Intake":[26],"Level":[27],"(UL)":[28],"of":[29,66,84,101,121,129,136,141,145,155,187,201,237,266,286],"n-3":[31,52,67,123],"LCPUFAs":[32,124],"eicosapentaenoic":[33],"acid":[34,37,41],"(EPA),":[35],"docosahexaenoic":[36],"(DHA)":[38],"docosapentaenoic":[40],"(DPA).":[42],"Available":[43],"data":[44,255],"are":[45,229,256],"insufficient":[46],"establish":[48],"UL":[50],"for":[51,57,213,217,226,250,258],"LCPUFA":[53,68],"(individually":[54],"or":[55,79,105,108,114],"combined)":[56],"any":[58],"population":[59],"group.":[60],"At":[61],"observed":[62],"intake":[63],"levels,":[64],"consumption":[65],"has":[69,178],"not":[70,95,161,209,246],"been":[71],"associated":[72],"with":[73],"adverse":[74,164],"effects":[75],"in":[76,152,276],"healthy":[77],"children":[78],"adults.":[80,214],"Long-term":[81],"supplemental":[82,199],"intakes":[83,128,186,200,236],"EPA":[85,130,171,188,202,218,287],"DHA":[87,132,142,190,220,238],"combined":[88,133,191],"up":[89,174,194,204,240],"about":[91,156,242],"5":[92,196],"g/day":[93,177,244],"do":[94,208,245],"appear":[96],"increase":[98,151],"risk":[100,224],"spontaneous":[102],"bleeding":[103,106],"episodes":[104],"complications,":[107],"affect":[109],"glucose":[110],"homeostasis":[111],"immune":[112],"function":[113],"lipid":[115],"peroxidation,":[116],"provided":[117],"oxidative":[119],"stability":[120],"is":[125],"guaranteed.":[126],"Supplemental":[127,185,235],"at":[134,143,172,192],"doses":[135,144,173,193],"2":[137,146],"6":[138],"g/day,":[139,148,197,207],"4":[147,176],"induce":[149],"an":[150,163],"LDL-cholesterol":[153],"concentrations":[154],"3":[157],"%":[158],"which":[159],"may":[160],"have":[162],"effect":[165,181],"cardiovascular":[167,223],"disease":[168],"risk,":[169],"whereas":[170],"no":[179],"significant":[180],"LDL":[183],"cholesterol.":[184],"alone":[203,239],"1.8":[206],"raise":[210,247],"safety":[211,248],"concerns":[212,249],"Dietary":[215],"recommendations":[216],"based":[221],"considerations":[225],"adults":[228],"between":[230],"250":[231],"500":[233],"mg/day.":[234],"1":[243],"general":[252],"population.":[253],"No":[254],"available":[257],"DPA":[259,275],"when":[260],"consumed":[261],"alone.":[262],"In":[263],"majority":[265],"human":[268],"studies":[269],"considered,":[270],"fish":[271],"oils,":[272],"also":[273],"containing":[274],"generally":[277],"unknown":[278],"(but":[279],"relatively":[280],"low)":[281],"amounts,":[282],"were":[283],"source":[285],"DHA.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-11-11T00:00:00"}