{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2543771682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","title":"Television broadcasting in Africa: Pioneering milestones","display_name":"Television broadcasting in Africa: Pioneering milestones","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2543771682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","mag":"2543771682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407105598","display_name":"IEEE Region 8 Conference on the History of Communications (HISTELCON)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 Second Region 8 IEEE Conference on the History of Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071260205","display_name":"Nnamdi Ikechi Nwulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2607-7439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2607-7439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nnamdi I. Nwulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038651832","display_name":"Adeyemi Adekanbi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeyemi Adekanbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053044423","display_name":"Tochukwu Oranugo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tochukwu Oranugo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013536544","display_name":"Yemi Adewale","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yemi Adewale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23872875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13766","display_name":"Media, Journalism, and Communication History","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13766","display_name":"Media, Journalism, and Communication History","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13745","display_name":"Media and Digital Communication","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/television-broadcasting-history","display_name":"television broadcasting history","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/africa","display_name":"Africa","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-television","display_name":"color television","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-television","display_name":"satellite television","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nollywood","display_name":"Nollywood","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/television-pioneers","display_name":"television pioneers","score":0.49300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110157686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922122","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","level":2,"score":0.8060570955276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120060458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10145","display_name":"Milestone","level":2,"score":0.7480700612068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512170562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799","display_name":"Entertainment","level":2,"score":0.6597372889518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138551351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175122","display_name":"Terrestrial television","level":4,"score":0.6043289303779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5037824511528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119452085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378498","display_name":"Commercial broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.49055999517440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.486275315284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514053055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841645","display_name":"Internet television","level":3,"score":0.47873589396476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.47857430577278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777840570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187312","display_name":"Yesterday","level":2,"score":0.4479760229587555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3963456153869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3849326968193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3731987476348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520681616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202255","display_name":"Digital television","level":2,"score":0.3045557141304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41062264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851691","display_name":"Digital broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.2987554669380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25351595878601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556509198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26398","display_name":"Public broadcasting","level":2,"score":0.22954398393630981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2259412407875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1518591046333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1273939311504364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0826273262500763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407105598","display_name":"IEEE Region 8 Conference on the History of Communications (HISTELCON)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 Second Region 8 IEEE Conference on the History of Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127927552","https://openalex.org/W1515450974","https://openalex.org/W1898669736","https://openalex.org/W2023017032","https://openalex.org/W2042775232","https://openalex.org/W2606376568","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299165764","https://openalex.org/W6605267924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7021133116","https://openalex.org/W644472026","https://openalex.org/W4386125086","https://openalex.org/W270197173","https://openalex.org/W631301830","https://openalex.org/W2738628987","https://openalex.org/W7160402406","https://openalex.org/W2256111400","https://openalex.org/W6930110265","https://openalex.org/W3214778666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64,154],"television":[1,34,67,102,121,149],"remains":[2],"one":[3,20],"of":[4,21,25,33,39,99,145,162,185,194],"the":[5,22,31,40,47,53,61,81,116,143,146,186,192,197,203],"most":[6],"important":[7],"medium":[8],"worldwide":[9],"for":[10],"disseminating":[11],"information":[12],"and":[13,78,95,136,174,180],"providing":[14],"entertainment.":[15],"It":[16],"has":[17,189],"overtime":[18],"become":[19],"greatest":[23],"gifts":[24],"electronics":[26],"engineering":[27],"to":[28,80,113,119,132,142],"mankind.":[29],"Although":[30],"history":[32,94],"broadcasting":[35,122,173,177],"in":[36,70,92,123,151,170,178,202],"other":[37,127],"parts":[38],"world":[41],"is":[42,58],"widely":[43],"known":[44,59],"(Europe:":[45],"In":[46,52],"year":[48,54],"1936,":[49],"North":[50],"America:":[51],"1939),":[55],"not":[56],"much":[57],"about":[60],"African":[62,129],"experience.":[63],"first":[65,117],"terrestrial":[66,148],"broadcast":[68],"signals":[69],"Africa":[71,97,152,179],"occurred":[72],"on":[73,191],"Saturday":[74],"October":[75],"31,":[76],"1959":[77],"belonged":[79],"Western":[82],"Nigeria":[83,114],"Television":[84,93,156,164,172,176,188],"Service":[85],"(WNTS).":[86],"This":[87,107],"was":[88],"a":[89],"critical":[90],"milestone":[91],"today":[96],"boasts":[98,161],"over":[100],"600":[101],"stations":[103],"(excluding":[104],"repeater":[105],"stations).":[106],"paper":[108],"examines":[109],"events":[110],"that":[111,140],"led":[112],"being":[115],"country":[118],"introduce":[120],"Africa,":[124],"reasons":[125],"why":[126],"prominent":[128],"countries":[130],"failed":[131],"achieve":[133],"this":[134],"feat":[135],"looks":[137],"at":[138],"factors":[139],"contributed":[141],"birth":[144],"largest":[147,199],"network":[150],":":[153],"Nigerian":[155],"Authority":[157],"(NTA)":[158],"which":[159],"presently":[160],"94":[163],"stations.":[165],"We":[166],"also":[167],"examine":[168],"pioneers":[169],"Colour":[171],"Satellite":[175],"conclude":[181],"with":[182],"an":[183],"analysis":[184],"effect":[187],"had":[190],"emergence":[193],"Nollywood":[195],"as":[196],"second":[198],"movie":[200],"industry":[201],"world.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-11-04T00:00:00"}