{"id":"https://openalex.org/W253435368","doi":null,"title":"Besting Malthus: The Green Revolution 1","display_name":"Besting Malthus: The Green Revolution 1","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W253435368","mag":"253435368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:253435368","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/490403.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523957","display_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society: Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge","issn_l":"0003-049X","issn":["0003-049X","2326-9243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052125804","display_name":"Robert E. Evenson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Evenson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052125804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"149","issue":"4","first_page":"469","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13678","display_name":"Agricultural Research and Practices","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-revolution","display_name":"Green Revolution","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malthusianism","display_name":"Malthusianism","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-income-convergence","display_name":"per capita income convergence","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-development","display_name":"agricultural development","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-research-systems","display_name":"agricultural research systems","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-agricultural-research-centers","display_name":"international agricultural research centers","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consultative-group-on-international-agricultural-research","display_name":"CGIAR","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-extension","display_name":"agricultural extension","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-transition","display_name":"demographic transition","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"food security","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-technology-adoption","display_name":"agricultural technology adoption","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development-policy","display_name":"economic development policy","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-assistance","display_name":"development aid","score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrialization-and-modernization","display_name":"industrialization and modernization","score":0.5640000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.6923430562019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160443848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45918","display_name":"Per capita income","level":2,"score":0.6438028812408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.6373513340950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41866144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202398","display_name":"Industrialisation","level":2,"score":0.5645737648010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5571333765983582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112939947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186050","display_name":"Green Revolution","level":3,"score":0.5020687580108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4619458317756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.445739209651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4435276985168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.41976314783096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.32595348358154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20511344075202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.14884042739868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.12737762928009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.11450392007827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.09478095173835754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:253435368","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/490403.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523957","display_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society: Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge","issn_l":"0003-049X","issn":["0003-049X","2326-9243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.6875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W339026062","https://openalex.org/W596607116","https://openalex.org/W649446602","https://openalex.org/W1491209419","https://openalex.org/W1527219887","https://openalex.org/W1591046821","https://openalex.org/W1675071590","https://openalex.org/W1852857825","https://openalex.org/W1878089282","https://openalex.org/W2074382743","https://openalex.org/W2206537910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W822913410","https://openalex.org/W2485409934","https://openalex.org/W4241382838","https://openalex.org/W7100921062","https://openalex.org/W1570743058","https://openalex.org/W1570094669","https://openalex.org/W2494339778","https://openalex.org/W1605953717","https://openalex.org/W1507143509","https://openalex.org/W2497140617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"THE":[0],"SECOND":[1],"HALF":[2],"of":[3,31,45,103,128,146,250,285,306,321,331,335,338,377,380,393,405,420,449,567,580],"the":[4,16,28,37,46,72,85,99,120,130,154,173,181,203,248,251,274,283,286,304,326,336,347,352,361,375,378,391,394,486,489,506,555,568,592,597],"twentieth":[5],"century":[6],"brought":[7],"economic":[8,33],"development":[9,34,113,150,376],"policies":[10],"and":[11,42,205,219,276,309,317,328,422,438,445,455,462,478,482,516,535,545,583,588],"investments":[12],"into":[13,143],"prominence.":[14],"For":[15],"first":[17],"time":[18],"in":[19,83,89,200,202,209,230,236,258,260,268,273,346,368,413,499,505,512,561,586],"modern":[20],"history,":[21],"international":[22,480,490],"(multilateral)":[23],"institutions":[24],"were":[25,61,66,109,207,217,241,357,387,408,465,469,502],"created":[26],"for":[27,139,176,397,557],"specific":[29],"purpose":[30],"achieving":[32,177],"objectives":[35],"(e.g.,":[36,56],"World":[38],"Bank,":[39],"regional":[40],"banks,":[41],"various":[43],"agencies":[44,55],"United":[47],"Nations).":[48],"Individual":[49],"countries":[50,97,227,270],"also":[51,349],"established":[52],"bilateral":[53],"aid":[54],"USAID,":[57],"IDRC,":[58],"GTZ).":[59],"Expectations":[60],"high":[62,319],"as":[63,119,135,312,314,554],"colonial":[64],"regimes":[65],"being":[67],"ended.":[68],"Many":[69,148],"observers":[70],"expected":[71],"subsequent":[73],"decades":[74],"to":[75,122,297,325,351,359,374,472,493,596],"be":[76,94,170,494],"characterized":[77],"by":[78,96,245,364],"per":[79,90,104,165,193],"capita":[80,91,105,166,194],"income":[81,92],"convergence,":[82],"which":[84],"highest":[86],"growth":[87],"rates":[88,216,232,238],"would":[93,411,425],"realized":[95],"with":[98,278,303,427,538],"lowest":[100],"initial":[101],"levels":[102],"income.":[106],"Convergence":[107],"expectations":[108],"based":[110,523,572],"on":[111,282,524,573],"a":[112,136,161,196,318,417,525,558],"philosophy":[114],"that":[115,153,189,293,300,354,386,409,423],"revolved":[116],"around":[117],"industrialization":[118],"key":[121],"modernization.":[123],"In":[124,518],"most":[125,226,406,503],"early":[126,149,598],"views":[127],"development,":[129],"agricultural":[131,155,431],"sector":[132,156],"was":[133,185,195,222,292,295,522,533,571],"seen":[134],"backward":[137],"repository":[138],"unskilled":[140],"people":[141],"locked":[142],"traditional":[144,543],"ways":[145],"living.":[147],"planners":[151],"hoped":[152],"could":[157,169],"at":[158,243],"best":[159],"achieve":[160],"holding":[162],"action":[163],"whereby":[164],"food":[167,191],"production":[168,192],"maintained":[171,439],"during":[172],"period":[174,593],"required":[175],"industrial":[178],"growth.":[179],"By":[180,485],"1960s,":[182,488],"however,":[183],"it":[184],"becoming":[186],"increasingly":[187],"clear":[188],"maintaining":[190],"challenging":[197],"task.":[198],"Improvements":[199,498],"health":[201],"1950s":[204,275,348],"1960s":[206,277],"impressive":[208],"almost":[210],"all":[211,262],"developing":[212,263,269,369,513,562],"countries.":[213,264,370],"Infant":[214],"mortality":[215],"declining,":[218],"life":[220],"expectancy":[221],"increasing.":[223],"Even":[224],"though":[225],"experienced":[228],"declines":[229,235],"birth":[231],"shortly":[233],"after":[234],"death":[237],"(the":[239],"lags":[240],"short,":[242],"least":[244],"historical":[246],"standards),":[247],"dynamics":[249],"demographic":[252],"transition":[253],"produced":[254,511],"historically":[255],"unprecedented":[256],"increases":[257],"population":[259,367],"virtually":[261],"Agricultural":[265,341,382,399],"policy":[266],"makers":[267],"had":[271],"experimented":[272],"extension-led":[279],"programs":[280,345,356,436,454,457,474],"predicated":[281],"concept":[284],"inefficient":[287],"farmer.":[288],"The":[289,402],"central":[290],"idea":[291],"technology":[294],"available":[296,471],"farmers,":[298],"but":[299],"farmers'":[301],"ignorance-combined":[302],"lack":[305],"community":[307],"education":[308],"information":[310],"programs,":[311],"well":[313],"credit":[315],"constraints":[316],"degree":[320],"risk":[322],"aversion-were":[323],"barriers":[324],"full":[327],"effective":[329],"use":[330],"technology.":[332],"An":[333],"assessment":[334,353],"capacity":[337],"existing":[339],"National":[340],"Research":[342,383,400],"System":[343],"(NARS)":[344],"led":[350,373],"NARS":[355,453,473],"unlikely":[358],"meet":[360],"challenges":[362],"posed":[363],"rapidly":[365],"increasing":[366],"These":[371,467,548],"conditions":[372],"system":[379],"International":[381,398],"Centers":[384],"(IARCs)":[385],"eventually":[388],"organized":[389],"under":[390],"rubric":[392],"Consultative":[395],"Group":[396],"(CGIAR).":[401],"design":[403],"features":[404],"IARCs":[407],"they":[410,424],"specialize":[412],"one":[414],"commodity":[415],"or":[416],"small":[418],"set":[419],"commodities":[421],"work":[426],"(and":[428],"support)":[429],"national":[430],"research":[432],"systems":[433],"(NARS).":[434],"IARC":[435,456],"developed":[437],"genetic":[440,450],"resource":[441],"collections":[442],"(gene":[443],"banks)":[444],"fostered":[446],"free":[447],"exchange":[448,483],"resources":[451],"between":[452],"where":[458],"advanced":[459],"breeding":[460],"lines":[461],"finished":[463],"varieties":[464,585],"developed.":[466],"materials":[468],"made":[470],"through":[475,479],"gene":[476],"banks":[477],"testing":[481],"programs.":[484],"late":[487],"centers":[491],"appeared":[492],"making":[495],"significant":[496],"progress.":[497],"crop":[500],"productivity":[501],"apparent":[504],"two":[507],"major":[508],"cereal":[509],"grains":[510],"countries,":[514],"wheat":[515,584],"rice.":[517],"both":[519],"crops,":[520],"improvement":[521],"new":[526,549],"plant":[531,550],"type.":[528],"Specifically,":[529],"this":[530],"type":[532],"shorter":[534],"earlier":[536],"maturing,":[537],"less":[539],"photoperiod":[540],"sensitivity,":[541],"than":[542],"tropical":[544],"subtropical":[546],"varieties.":[547],"types":[551],"became":[552],"popularized":[553,565],"foundation":[556],"Green":[569],"Revolution":[570],"countries.2":[563],"This":[564],"view":[566],"relatively":[574],"patchy":[575],"data":[576],"showing":[577],"rapid":[578],"adoption":[579],"high-yielding":[581],"rice":[582],"Asia":[587],"Latin":[589],"America":[590],"over":[591],"from":[594],"1968":[595],"1980s.":[599],"\u2026":[600]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
