{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2534141963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","title":"Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence","display_name":"Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2534141963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","mag":"2534141963","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28413254","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5384454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919216303876/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63571384","display_name":"Food Policy","issn_l":"0306-9192","issn":["0306-9192","1873-5657"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919216303876/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035070596","display_name":"Paula Nagler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6005-1841","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6005-1841"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802557195","display_name":"United Nations University \u2013 Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/053zwxr79","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802557195","https://openalex.org/I34352273","https://openalex.org/I4210104502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paula Nagler","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University and UNU-MERIT/MGSoG, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University and UNU-MERIT/MGSoG, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802557195","https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036421388","display_name":"Wim A. Naud\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-6945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-6945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I209991678","display_name":"Maastricht School of Management","ror":"https://ror.org/04zb8fk81","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I209991678","https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim Naud\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA-Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany","School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University and Maastricht School of Management, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA-Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University and Maastricht School of Management, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I209991678","https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035070596"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802557195","https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":{"value":4330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4330},"apc_paid":{"value":1072,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1156},"fwci":57.5736,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":242,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99886053,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":null,"first_page":"175","last_page":"191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.7738999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.7738999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.0714000016450882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-farm-enterprises","display_name":"non-farm enterprises","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-entrepreneurship","display_name":"rural entrepreneurship","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-survival","display_name":"business survival","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-exit","display_name":"firm exit","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-differences","display_name":"urban-rural differences","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/push-and-pull-factors","display_name":"push and pull factors","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idiosyncratic-shocks","display_name":"idiosyncratic shocks","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-livelihoods","display_name":"household livelihoods","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.7976268529891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.7153874635696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6133466958999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.6098436713218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.5529329776763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5502184629440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.48748087882995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4809495806694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4658760726451874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142077812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175850","display_name":"Standard of living","level":2,"score":0.4419512450695038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4243556261062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.365024209022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3542436957359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.32089799642562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3079072833061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.24289768934249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15817639231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.14919358491897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919216303876/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63571384","display_name":"Food Policy","issn_l":"0306-9192","issn":["0306-9192","1873-5657"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28413254","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28413254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food policy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/dd060cc3-ee75-49a0-903f-2a2b63f51da8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/dd060cc3-ee75-49a0-903f-2a2b63f51da8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nagler, P & Naud\u00e9, W 2017, 'Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence', Food Policy, vol. 67, pp. 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5384454","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5384454/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Policy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jfpoli:v:67:y:2017:i:c:p:175-191","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919216303876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:um:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/dd060cc3-ee75-49a0-903f-2a2b63f51da8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/dd060cc3-ee75-49a0-903f-2a2b63f51da8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Food Policy, 67, 175 - 191. Elsevier BV","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.019","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919216303876/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63571384","display_name":"Food Policy","issn_l":"0306-9192","issn":["0306-9192","1873-5657"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6735000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2534141963.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2534141963.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555236167","https://openalex.org/W1567136333","https://openalex.org/W1768929259","https://openalex.org/W1804345426","https://openalex.org/W1945052284","https://openalex.org/W1985277860","https://openalex.org/W1988204956","https://openalex.org/W1988997016","https://openalex.org/W1991954685","https://openalex.org/W1997646039","https://openalex.org/W2000412282","https://openalex.org/W2000652784","https://openalex.org/W2001458646","https://openalex.org/W2006149131","https://openalex.org/W2015625047","https://openalex.org/W2019614040","https://openalex.org/W2021685286","https://openalex.org/W2028968549","https://openalex.org/W2032014665","https://openalex.org/W2034250651","https://openalex.org/W2037016883","https://openalex.org/W2047336521","https://openalex.org/W2058636263","https://openalex.org/W2061830396","https://openalex.org/W2077390086","https://openalex.org/W2079801337","https://openalex.org/W2081842347","https://openalex.org/W2081883533","https://openalex.org/W2096416136","https://openalex.org/W2099091587","https://openalex.org/W2099219408","https://openalex.org/W2105594281","https://openalex.org/W2109286696","https://openalex.org/W2121870456","https://openalex.org/W2124156824","https://openalex.org/W2130402841","https://openalex.org/W2130788273","https://openalex.org/W2131296577","https://openalex.org/W2133013164","https://openalex.org/W2143660787","https://openalex.org/W2164505476","https://openalex.org/W2168618506","https://openalex.org/W2170070174","https://openalex.org/W2407856457","https://openalex.org/W2463120366","https://openalex.org/W2465239521","https://openalex.org/W2794361884","https://openalex.org/W3121186397","https://openalex.org/W3121539151","https://openalex.org/W3122003031","https://openalex.org/W3123370820","https://openalex.org/W3123632740","https://openalex.org/W3123871335","https://openalex.org/W3125429821","https://openalex.org/W3194467141","https://openalex.org/W4255602326","https://openalex.org/W7214174493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181666351","https://openalex.org/W224223970","https://openalex.org/W2149083498","https://openalex.org/W2183068742","https://openalex.org/W2769556800","https://openalex.org/W1857422048","https://openalex.org/W7162841926","https://openalex.org/W2770930903","https://openalex.org/W4389184146","https://openalex.org/W7096551246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"on":[2,38],"the":[3,28,123,129],"prevalence":[4],"and":[5,15,25,49,52,64,91,101,115,140],"patterns":[6],"of":[7,21,109,136],"non-farm":[8],"enterprises":[9,44,119,127],"in":[10,19,58,68],"six":[11],"sub-Saharan":[12],"African":[13],"countries,":[14],"study":[16],"their":[17],"performance":[18],"terms":[20],"labor":[22,110],"productivity,":[23],"survival":[24],"exit,":[26],"using":[27],"World":[29],"Bank's":[30],"Living":[31],"Standards":[32],"Measurement":[33],"Study":[34],"-":[35],"Integrated":[36],"Surveys":[37],"Agriculture":[39],"(LSMS-ISA).":[40],"Rural":[41],"households":[42],"operate":[43,104,121],"due":[45,132,141],"to":[46,54,113,133,142],"both":[47],"push":[48],"pull":[50],"factors":[51],"tend":[53],"do":[55],"so":[56],"predominantly":[57],"easy-to-enter":[59],"activities,":[60],"such":[61,75,82],"as":[62,76,83],"sales":[63],"trade,":[65],"rather":[66],"than":[67],"activities":[69],"that":[70,103,120],"require":[71],"higher":[72],"starting":[73],"costs,":[74],"transport":[77],"services,":[78],"or":[79,118,138],"educational":[80],"investment,":[81],"professional":[84],"services.":[85],"Labor":[86],"productivity":[87,111],"differs":[88],"widely:":[89],"rural":[90,126],"female-headed":[92],"enterprises,":[93,117],"those":[94],"located":[95],"further":[96],"away":[97],"from":[98],"population":[99],"centers,":[100],"businesses":[102],"intermittently":[105],"have":[106],"lower":[107],"levels":[108],"compared":[112],"urban":[114],"male-owned":[116],"throughout":[122],"year.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"exit":[128],"market":[130],"primarily":[131],"a":[134],"lack":[135],"profitability":[137],"finance,":[139],"idiosyncratic":[143],"shocks.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-10-28T00:00:00"}
