{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2531765008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","title":"Incomplete Disclosure: Evidence of Signaling and Countersignaling","display_name":"Incomplete Disclosure: Evidence of Signaling and Countersignaling","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2531765008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","mag":"2531765008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.20150178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","pdf_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/mic.20150178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/mic.20150178","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004824085","display_name":"Benjamin B. Bederson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-779X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-779X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin B. Bederson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, 2117D Hornbake Library, College Park, MD 20742 (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, 2117D Hornbake Library, College Park, MD 20742 (email: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039620205","display_name":"Ginger Zhe Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-3780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-3780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ginger Zhe Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Maryland, 3114 Tydings Hall, College Park, MD 20742, and NBER (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Maryland, 3114 Tydings Hall, College Park, MD 20742, and NBER (email: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048277762","display_name":"Phillip Leslie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip Leslie","raw_affiliation_strings":["1092 Nowita Pl, Venice, CA 90291 (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1092 Nowita Pl, Venice, CA 90291 (email: )","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011851707","display_name":"Alexander J. Quinn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7964-536X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7964-536X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander J. Quinn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (e-mail: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (e-mail: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037758633","display_name":"Ben Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-0966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-0966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 110 Marshall-Adams Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 110 Marshall-Adams Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 (email: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2668,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95570866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"41","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.2897999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.2897999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11957","display_name":"Food Safety and Hygiene","score":0.24740000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.050700001418590546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signaling","display_name":"signaling","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety-inspection","display_name":"food safety inspection","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voluntary-disclosure","display_name":"voluntary disclosure","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restaurant-quality","display_name":"restaurant quality","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maricopa-county","display_name":"Maricopa County","score":0.6880000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6502224206924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940976","display_name":"Voluntary disclosure","level":2,"score":0.5766960978507996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5240957140922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.42134928703308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34016746282577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.27879953384399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.20150178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","pdf_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/mic.20150178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aejmic:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:41-66","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mic.20150178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.20150178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150178","pdf_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/mic.20150178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2531765008.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2531765008.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528744990","https://openalex.org/W1542183466","https://openalex.org/W1993942644","https://openalex.org/W2035243501","https://openalex.org/W2050175305","https://openalex.org/W2050999170","https://openalex.org/W3121910425","https://openalex.org/W3122794217","https://openalex.org/W3125464363","https://openalex.org/W3126113582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122952860","https://openalex.org/W2801333395","https://openalex.org/W2491390806","https://openalex.org/W2989048055","https://openalex.org/W3037195413","https://openalex.org/W4319862461","https://openalex.org/W3120858787","https://openalex.org/W3122614410","https://openalex.org/W2520876300","https://openalex.org/W2035543706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"2011,":[1],"Maricopa":[2],"County":[3],"adopted":[4],"voluntary":[5],"restaurant":[6],"hygiene":[7],"grade":[8,35],"cards":[9],"(A,":[10],"B,":[11],"C,":[12],"D":[13],").":[14],"Using":[15],"inspection":[16,45],"results":[17],"between":[18],"2007":[19],"and":[20,76,91],"2013,":[21],"we":[22,63],"show":[23],"that":[24],"only":[25],"58":[26],"percent":[27],"of":[28,74],"the":[29,38,65,78,101],"subsequent":[30],"inspections":[31],"led":[32],"to":[33,53,97],"online":[34],"posting.":[36],"Although":[37],"disclosure":[39,96],"rate":[40],"in":[41],"general":[42],"declines":[43],"with":[44],"outcome,":[46],"higher-quality":[47],"A":[48,57,80,89],"restaurants":[49,81],"are":[50],"less":[51],"likely":[52],"disclose":[54],"than":[55],"lower-quality":[56],"s.":[58],"After":[59],"examining":[60],"potential":[61],"explanations,":[62],"believe":[64],"observed":[66],"pattern":[67],"is":[68],"best":[69],"explained":[70],"by":[71],"a":[72,85],"mixture":[73],"signaling":[75],"countersignaling:":[77],"better":[79,92],"use":[82,95],"nondisclosure":[83],"as":[84],"countersignal,":[86],"while":[87],"worse":[88],"s":[90,94],"B":[93],"stand":[98],"out":[99],"from":[100],"other":[102],"restaurants.":[103],"(JEL":[104],"D82,":[105],"H75,":[106],"I18,":[107],"L15,":[108],"L83,":[109],"L88)":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-19T09:35:57.686232","created_date":"2016-10-21T00:00:00"}
