{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2531640315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","title":"Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Ghana during the Rural-to-Urban Transition: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Ghana during the Rural-to-Urban Transition: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2531640315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","mag":"2531640315","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27732601","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5061429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162753&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162753&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030486381","display_name":"Nuri Kodaman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuri Kodaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America","Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011954023","display_name":"Melinda C. Aldrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-8448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-8448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Melinda C. Aldrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic Surgery and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008906494","display_name":"Rafal S. Sobota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5945-5830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5945-5830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafal Sobota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America","Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039782389","display_name":"Folkert Wouter Asselbergs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-8669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-8669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105827","display_name":"Netherlands Heart Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh6b283","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Folkert W. Asselbergs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands","Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands","Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055976515","display_name":"Kwabena Adu Poku","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kwabena A. Poku","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055618165","display_name":"Nancy Jeanne Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-3142","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-3142"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nancy J. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032971510","display_name":"Jason H. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-1099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-1099"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason H. Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005123641","display_name":"Scott M. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-9544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-9544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott M. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America","Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005123641","https://openalex.org/A5008906494","https://openalex.org/A5011954023","https://openalex.org/A5030486381","https://openalex.org/A5032971510","https://openalex.org/A5039782389","https://openalex.org/A5055618165","https://openalex.org/A5055976515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454","https://openalex.org/I138690464","https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I3018483916","https://openalex.org/I4210105827","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I58956616","https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I901861585"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":4.3193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95166831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"e0162753","last_page":"e0162753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13522","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13522","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.030899999663233757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13822","display_name":"Indigenous Health and Education","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-factors","display_name":"cardiovascular risk factors","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"urbanization","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-urban-transformation","display_name":"rural-urban transition","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-profile","display_name":"lipid profile","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fibrinolytic-markers","display_name":"fibrinolytic markers","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1","display_name":"plasminogen activator inhibitor-1","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-plasminogen-activator","display_name":"tissue plasminogen activator","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunyani","display_name":"Sunyani","score":0.8690000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.8148022890090942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.611021876335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5088096261024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.44497549533843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3453225791454315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.20962384343147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10365813970565796}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002784","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005869","descriptor_name":"Ghana","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008076","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol, HDL","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008078","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol, LDL","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010959","descriptor_name":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014280","descriptor_name":"Triglycerides","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014507","descriptor_name":"Urbanization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015992","descriptor_name":"Body Mass Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017395","descriptor_name":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162753&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5061429","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5061429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:27732601","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27732601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30b80de914cf4e9093c9eaf8c0762cf7","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30b80de914cf4e9093c9eaf8c0762cf7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 11, Iss 10, p e0162753 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/343375","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/343375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1524759","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1524759/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE , 11 (10) , Article e0162753. (2016)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/4027776","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Cardiovascular_Disease_Risk_Factors_in_Ghana_during_the_Rural-to-Urban_Transition_A_Cross-Sectional_Study/4027776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"pmh:umcu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/343375","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/343375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE [E], 11(10). Public Library of Science","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/343375","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/343375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE [E], 11(10)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/mfp8h-6cc56","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/mfp8h-6cc56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/mfp8h-6cc56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/t8jpt-5vw25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/t8jpt-5vw25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/t8jpt-5vw25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162753","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162753&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2264657227","display_name":"Unraveling Genetic Determinants of Lung Cancer Risk in African Americans","funder_award_id":"K07CA172294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3834006785","display_name":"Medical Scientist Training Program","funder_award_id":"T32GM007347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5419419845","display_name":"Bioinformatics Strategies for Genome Wide Association Studies","funder_award_id":"R01LM010098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7758615394","display_name":"GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF PLASMA T-PA AND PAI-1","funder_award_id":"R01HL065234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000872793","display_name":"Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology","funder_award_id":"P30ES013508","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2531640315.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2531640315.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506797362","https://openalex.org/W1534304613","https://openalex.org/W1540771591","https://openalex.org/W1548151898","https://openalex.org/W1561863145","https://openalex.org/W1598577731","https://openalex.org/W1842904121","https://openalex.org/W1980177930","https://openalex.org/W1983016072","https://openalex.org/W1983680508","https://openalex.org/W1986882289","https://openalex.org/W1986931990","https://openalex.org/W1986939760","https://openalex.org/W1987484183","https://openalex.org/W1994967652","https://openalex.org/W1998156248","https://openalex.org/W2000702318","https://openalex.org/W2006011674","https://openalex.org/W2007955924","https://openalex.org/W2015529304","https://openalex.org/W2016042041","https://openalex.org/W2022996249","https://openalex.org/W2031949920","https://openalex.org/W2032524811","https://openalex.org/W2032855868","https://openalex.org/W2034831501","https://openalex.org/W2037803098","https://openalex.org/W2038706473","https://openalex.org/W2040537500","https://openalex.org/W2045918273","https://openalex.org/W2048298604","https://openalex.org/W2050587548","https://openalex.org/W2053332317","https://openalex.org/W2053685508","https://openalex.org/W2054542782","https://openalex.org/W2056886815","https://openalex.org/W2058071560","https://openalex.org/W2058912630","https://openalex.org/W2067531441","https://openalex.org/W2069830274","https://openalex.org/W2072419247","https://openalex.org/W2077221193","https://openalex.org/W2101508556","https://openalex.org/W2105517048","https://openalex.org/W2105941417","https://openalex.org/W2105982938","https://openalex.org/W2119334879","https://openalex.org/W2119984740","https://openalex.org/W2123289485","https://openalex.org/W2124461375","https://openalex.org/W2132549481","https://openalex.org/W2132560806","https://openalex.org/W2133416995","https://openalex.org/W2134099620","https://openalex.org/W2143658057","https://openalex.org/W2145292746","https://openalex.org/W2145813488","https://openalex.org/W2146456974","https://openalex.org/W2148092884","https://openalex.org/W2148857774","https://openalex.org/W2149027941","https://openalex.org/W2155121555","https://openalex.org/W2155877478","https://openalex.org/W2156317766","https://openalex.org/W2158569927","https://openalex.org/W2158896434","https://openalex.org/W2168176333","https://openalex.org/W2168652720","https://openalex.org/W2171150648","https://openalex.org/W2171844340","https://openalex.org/W2185461071","https://openalex.org/W2214504924","https://openalex.org/W2263055960","https://openalex.org/W2264412343","https://openalex.org/W2303651371","https://openalex.org/W2318160089","https://openalex.org/W2323129508","https://openalex.org/W2331295419","https://openalex.org/W2345903479","https://openalex.org/W2365864671","https://openalex.org/W2410304740","https://openalex.org/W2417696434","https://openalex.org/W2626091144","https://openalex.org/W3025167876","https://openalex.org/W3044869168","https://openalex.org/W4248142985"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6892125315","https://openalex.org/W2338628722","https://openalex.org/W2471827402","https://openalex.org/W1978153862","https://openalex.org/W7167053135","https://openalex.org/W2949444145","https://openalex.org/W2330218674","https://openalex.org/W2121033476","https://openalex.org/W2123782691","https://openalex.org/W884664793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Populations":[0],"in":[1,36,42,181,251],"sub-Saharan":[2],"Africa":[3],"are":[4],"shifting":[5],"from":[6,54,65,77],"rural":[7,39,185,191],"to":[8,19,230],"increasingly":[9],"urban.":[10],"Although":[11],"the":[12,147,198,201,204,252],"burden":[13],"of":[14,33,51,59,197,203],"cardiovascular":[15,85,240],"disease":[16,86],"is":[17],"expected":[18],"increase":[20],"with":[21,116,126,206,212,219,243],"this":[22],"changing":[23],"landscape,":[24],"few":[25],"large":[26],"studies":[27],"have":[28],"assessed":[29,102],"a":[30,47,66,216],"wide":[31],"range":[32],"risk":[34,87,199,225,241,245],"factors":[35,88,246],"urban":[37,117,183,207,220,231,235],"and":[38,72,95,99,101,106,113,119,139,167,174,184],"populations,":[40],"particularly":[41,223],"West":[43],"Africa.":[44],"We":[45,82],"conducted":[46],"cross-sectional,":[48],"population-based":[49],"survey":[50],"3317":[52],"participants":[53,192],"Ghana":[55],"(\u226518":[56],"years":[57],"old),":[58],"whom":[60],"2265":[61],"(57%":[62],"female)":[63,75],"were":[64,76,152,178],"mid-sized":[67],"city":[68],"(Sunyani,":[69],"population":[70],"~250,000)":[71],"1052":[73],"(55%":[74],"surrounding":[78],"villages":[79],"(populations":[80],"<5000).":[81],"measured":[83],"canonical":[84],"(BMI,":[89],"blood":[90],"pressure,":[91],"fasting":[92],"glucose,":[93],"lipids)":[94],"fibrinolytic":[96],"markers":[97],"(PAI-1":[98],"t-PA),":[100],"how":[103],"their":[104],"distributions":[105],"related":[107],"clinical":[108],"outcomes":[109],"(including":[110],"obesity,":[111],"hypertension":[112,140],"diabetes)":[114],"varied":[115],"residence":[118,122,208],"sex.":[120,213],"Urban":[121],"was":[123,215],"strongly":[124],"associated":[125],"obesity":[127],"(OR:":[128],"7.8,":[129],"95%":[130,136,143,158,164,170],"CI:":[131,137,144,165,171],"5.3-11.3),":[132],"diabetes":[133],"(OR":[134,141],"3.6,":[135],"2.3-5.7),":[138],"3.2,":[142],"2.6-4.0).":[145],"Among":[146],"quantitative":[148],"measures,":[149],"most":[150,196],"affected":[151],"total":[153],"cholesterol":[154,162,176],"(+0.81":[155],"standard":[156],"deviations,":[157],"CI":[159],"0.73-0.88),":[160],"LDL":[161],"(+0.89,":[163],"0.79-0.99),":[166],"t-PA":[168],"(+0.56,":[169],"0.48-0.63).":[172],"Triglycerides":[173],"HDL":[175],"profiles":[177],"similarly":[179],"poor":[180],"both":[182],"environments,":[186],"but":[187],"significantly":[188],"worse":[189,239],"among":[190],"after":[193],"BMI-adjustment.":[194],"For":[195],"factors,":[200],"strength":[202],"association":[205],"did":[209],"not":[210],"vary":[211],"Obesity":[214],"major":[217],"exception,":[218],"women":[221],"at":[222,247],"high":[224],"(26%":[226],"age-standardized":[227],"prevalence)":[228],"compared":[229],"men":[232],"(7%).":[233],"Overall,":[234],"residents":[236],"had":[237],"substantially":[238],"profiles,":[242],"some":[244],"levels":[248],"typically":[249],"seen":[250],"developed":[253],"world.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-10-21T00:00:00"}