{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2526445461","doi":null,"title":"Advancing Isomorphism in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of the Careers of Intercollegiate Athletic Directors","display_name":"Advancing Isomorphism in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of the Careers of Intercollegiate Athletic Directors","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2526445461","mag":"2526445461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2526445461","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3505789321/advancing-isomorphism-in-higher-education-a-critical","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765060831","display_name":"Journal of contemporary athletics","issn_l":"1554-9933","issn":["1554-9933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of contemporary athletics","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000107921","display_name":"Jimmy Dean Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053916186","display_name":"Marvin Washington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-3519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-3519"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Washington","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-3519","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89669252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Sociology, History and Politics of Sport","score":0.6220999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Sociology, History and Politics of Sport","score":0.6220999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.12520000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.11980000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-athletics","display_name":"college athletics","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletic-directors","display_name":"athletic directors","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/career-paths","display_name":"career paths","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isomorphism","display_name":"isomorphism","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-administration","display_name":"university administration","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletic-scholarships","display_name":"athletic scholarships","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ncaa-division-i","display_name":"NCAA Division I","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ncaa-division-ii","display_name":"NCAA Division II","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ncaa-division-iii","display_name":"NCAA Division III","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-change","display_name":"organizational change","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"organizational learning","score":0.33500000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.6069030165672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779501167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079023","display_name":"Championship","level":2,"score":0.590164840221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5371241569519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.49401503801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.491493821144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.46070683002471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.43531113862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109168655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988","display_name":"Liberian dollar","level":2,"score":0.4110933244228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.40992164611816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.39880263805389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2464846670627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.22892656922340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16924181580543518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15159544348716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2526445461","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3505789321/advancing-isomorphism-in-higher-education-a-critical","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765060831","display_name":"Journal of contemporary athletics","issn_l":"1554-9933","issn":["1554-9933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of contemporary athletics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W655533293","https://openalex.org/W1547463465","https://openalex.org/W1551653989","https://openalex.org/W1551961221","https://openalex.org/W1563436693","https://openalex.org/W1572851237","https://openalex.org/W1584355225","https://openalex.org/W1592772112","https://openalex.org/W1960767256","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1970667875","https://openalex.org/W1971310904","https://openalex.org/W1981523823","https://openalex.org/W1989481315","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1996114018","https://openalex.org/W2000465050","https://openalex.org/W2012096438","https://openalex.org/W2017612494","https://openalex.org/W2029156898","https://openalex.org/W2032643490","https://openalex.org/W2036769560","https://openalex.org/W2049474739","https://openalex.org/W2054919643","https://openalex.org/W2056393188","https://openalex.org/W2058555328","https://openalex.org/W2071260095","https://openalex.org/W2077227115","https://openalex.org/W2091777293","https://openalex.org/W2109091847","https://openalex.org/W2123635567","https://openalex.org/W2137813179","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2162877120","https://openalex.org/W2164144666","https://openalex.org/W2204078453","https://openalex.org/W2246876356","https://openalex.org/W2321207916","https://openalex.org/W2324018594","https://openalex.org/W2491365176","https://openalex.org/W2492386562","https://openalex.org/W2797168270","https://openalex.org/W3044348100","https://openalex.org/W4245413179","https://openalex.org/W4253239325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2525807313","https://openalex.org/W2530094842","https://openalex.org/W38699784","https://openalex.org/W6995937802","https://openalex.org/W1538957655","https://openalex.org/W2281521852","https://openalex.org/W2756901263","https://openalex.org/W4250617567","https://openalex.org/W580389361","https://openalex.org/W7064043317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTIONIntercollegiate":[0],"athletics":[1,130,181],"has":[2,59],"seen":[3,202,331],"tremendous":[4],"change":[5,125],"over":[6],"the":[7,22,62,76,98,115,122,127,136,141,174,204,207,231,247,259,272,290,333,356,366,425,448,506,516,525,534],"past":[8],"several":[9,159],"decades.":[10],"Since":[11],"1980,":[12],"more":[13],"than":[14,75],"300":[15],"colleges":[16,87,193],"and":[17,88,171,186,190,210,224,242,269,312,327,341,343,348,377,393,414,421,435,499,503,545],"university":[18,65,273],"have":[19],"entered":[20],"into":[21,533],"National":[23,38],"Collegiate":[24,45],"Athletic":[25,46],"Association":[26,39],"(e.g.,":[27],"NCAA":[28,55,99,142,221,294,298,309,325,382,398,521],"Division":[29,100,143,222,234,240,299,310,383,399],"II":[30,223,241,313],"or":[31,194,258,492],"III)":[32],"from":[33,480],"other":[34],"athletic":[35,128,187,208,250,286,304,317,385,429,456,472,526],"associations":[36],"(i.e.,":[37,164,346,490,496],"of":[40,64,121,161,179,198,206,249,261,293,335,364,368,427,488,505,515,518],"Intercollegiate":[41],"Athletics;":[42],"United":[43,137],"States":[44],"Association)":[47],"(Smith,":[48],"2012).":[49,106],"Commenting":[50],"on":[51,111,524],"conference":[52,82],"realignment,":[53],"current":[54,77],"president":[56],"Mark":[57],"Emmert":[58],"publically":[60],"noted":[61],"increase":[63],"presidential":[66],"interest":[67],"for":[68,92,97,239,271,531],"a":[69,112,352,481,511,537,540],"college":[70,546],"football":[71,102],"playoff":[72],"system":[73],"rather":[74],"'Bowl":[78],"Championship":[79],"Series'.":[80],"More":[81],"realignment":[83],"is":[84,126,131],"forthcoming":[85],"as":[86,233,363,539,549,551],"universities":[89,301,489],"position":[90,535],"themselves":[91],"increased":[93,267],"opportunities":[94],"to":[95,124,184,306,319,351,462,470],"play":[96],"I":[101,144,235,311,384,400],"national":[103],"championship":[104],"(Gemmell,":[105],"With":[107],"these":[108,471],"changes":[109],"occurring":[110],"frequent":[113],"basis,":[114],"individual":[116],"primarily":[117,183],"involved":[118],"with":[119,387,417,447],"many":[120],"decisions":[123],"director.Intercollegiate":[129],"considered":[132],"'big":[133],"business'":[134],"throughout":[135],"States,":[138],"especially":[139],"through":[140,203,253,486],"ranks":[145],"(Benford,":[146],"2007;":[147],"Cook,":[148],"2011;":[149,214],"Shulman":[150,217],"&":[151,218,360,556,561,565],"Bowen,":[152,219],"2001;":[153],"Sperber,":[154],"2000;":[155],"Zimbalist,":[156],"1999).":[157],"Through":[158],"avenues":[160],"revenue":[162,199,270],"generation":[163],"ticket":[165],"sales,":[166,168],"merchandise":[167],"television":[169],"contracts":[170],"corporate":[172],"sponsorship)":[173],"multi-billion":[175],"dollar":[176],"commercialized":[177],"industry":[178],"intercollegiate":[180],"refers":[182],"sports":[185,411],"competition":[188],"organized":[189],"funded":[191],"by":[192],"universities.":[195],"Additional":[196],"areas":[197],"are":[200,330,459],"often":[201],"success":[205],"department":[209,251,430,473],"alumni":[211],"donations":[212],"(Cook,":[213,275],"Gerdy,":[215],"2006;":[216],"2001).":[220],"III":[225,243,300],"institutions":[226,314,329],"do":[227,315],"not":[228,453],"necessarily":[229],"see":[230,478],"advantages":[232],"institutions.":[236],"Financial":[237],"growth":[238],"typically":[244],"come":[245],"in":[246,332,355,419,423,465],"form":[248,334],"expansion":[252],"their":[254,328],"established":[255],"sport":[256,262],"teams":[257],"addition":[260,469],"teams.":[263],"From":[264],"this":[265],"expansion,":[266],"enrollment":[268],"occurs":[274],"2012;":[276],"Emmons,":[277],"2009;":[278,280],"Mostafavi,":[279],"Van":[281],"Valkenbury,":[282],"2009).Further":[283],"differences":[284,323,475,519],"among":[285,520],"departments":[287,386],"occur":[288],"at":[289,391],"associational":[291],"level":[292],"affiliation.":[295],"For":[296],"example,":[297],"offer":[302,316,455],"no":[303],"scholarships":[305,318],"its":[307,320],"student-athletes.":[308],"student-athletes.The":[321],"predominant":[322],"between":[324],"affiliations":[326],"human":[336],"resources":[337,345],"(i.e.":[338],"administration,":[339],"staff":[340,434],"coaches)":[342],"financial":[344],"revenues":[347,388,420],"expenses).":[349],"According":[350],"recent":[353],"article":[354],"USAToday":[357],"(Wieberg,":[358],"Upton":[359],"Berkowitz,":[361],"2012)1,":[362],"2011":[365],"University":[367,405,426,440],"Texas":[369,428],"(Austin,":[370],"TX)":[371],"sponsoring":[372,408],"18":[373],"men's":[374,410],"(with":[375],"football)":[376,413],"women's":[378,415],"sports,":[379,416],"leads":[380],"all":[381],"topping":[389],"out":[390],"$150,295,926":[392],"expenses":[394],"$133,686,815.":[395],"The":[396],"smallest":[397],"school":[401,544],"was":[402],"Coppin":[403,438],"State":[404,439],"(Baltimore,":[406],"MD),":[407],"12":[409],"(without":[412],"$3,484,323":[418],"$4,088,874":[422],"expenses.Furthermore,":[424],"employs":[431,442],"377":[432],"administrators,":[433],"coaches":[436],"while":[437],"only":[441,454],"36.":[443],"An":[444],"institution":[445],"associated":[446],"Football":[449],"Bowl":[450],"Sub-Division":[451],"(FBS)":[452],"scholarships,":[457],"but":[458],"also":[460,477],"required":[461],"average":[463],"15,000":[464],"attendance":[466],"(NCAA,":[467],"2012).In":[468],"characteristic":[474],"we":[476],"variations":[479],"general":[482],"higher":[483],"educational":[484],"perspective":[485],"classification":[487],"public":[491],"private),":[493],"academic":[494],"structure":[495],"departments,":[497],"majors":[498],"minors":[500],"offered),":[501],"age":[502],"size":[504],"university.":[507],"Table":[508],"1":[509],"shows":[510],"very":[512],"small":[513],"sample":[514],"array":[517],"institutions.Early":[522],"research":[523],"director":[527],"indicated":[528],"key":[529],"qualifications":[530],"moving":[532],"included":[536],"background":[538],"collegiate":[541],"athlete,":[542],"high":[543],"coaching":[547],"experience":[548,554],"well":[550],"some":[552],"administrative":[553],"(Danylchuk":[555],"Chelladurai,":[557],"1999;":[558],"Fitzgerald,":[559],"Sagaria":[560],"Nelson,":[562],"1994;":[563],"Whisenant":[564],"Pedersen,":[566],"2004).":[567],"\u2026":[568]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-10-07T00:00:00"}