{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2523370331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","title":"Women, Weather, and Woes: The Triangular Dynamics of Female-Headed Households, Economic Vulnerability, and Climate Variability in South Africa","display_name":"Women, Weather, and Woes: The Triangular Dynamics of Female-Headed Households, Economic Vulnerability, and Climate Variability in South Africa","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2523370331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","mag":"2523370331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2523370331"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011310587","display_name":"Martin Flat\u00f8","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3737-436X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3737-436X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Flat\u00f8","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012213855","display_name":"Raya Muttarak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0627-4451","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0627-4451"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317774081","display_name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/02wfhk785","country_code":"AT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317774081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799276396","display_name":"Vienna Institute of Demography","ror":"https://ror.org/04ycden15","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138211613","https://openalex.org/I2799276396"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raya Muttarak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/\u00d6AW and WU) and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/\u00d6AW and WU) and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317774081","https://openalex.org/I2799276396"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014004226","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 J. Pelser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0417-6727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0417-6727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Pelser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Free State, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Free State, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4780,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5895},"apc_paid":{"value":4780,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5895},"fwci":13.3278,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":183,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98553454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":null,"first_page":"41","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11886","display_name":"Agricultural risk and resilience","score":0.6499000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11886","display_name":"Agricultural risk and resilience","score":0.6499000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.21330000460147858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-headed-households","display_name":"female-headed households","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-variability","display_name":"climate variability","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-shocks","display_name":"rainfall shocks","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-vulnerability","display_name":"economic vulnerability","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/widowhood","display_name":"widowhood","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/never-married-women","display_name":"never-married women","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-yields","display_name":"agricultural yields","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coping-strategies","display_name":"coping strategies","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-networks","display_name":"social networks","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.7160000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777495918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196129","display_name":"Spouse","level":2,"score":0.5862422585487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5816690921783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.5612890124320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5263234972953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5060734152793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5040878057479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4728054404258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28740283846855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22579434514045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.wu-wien.ac.at:5932","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://epub.wu.ac.at/5932/1/Muttarak_etal_2016_VD_Women%2DWeather%2Dand%2DWoes.pdf","pdf_url":"http://epub.wu.ac.at/5932/1/Muttarak_etal_2016_VD_Women%2DWeather%2Dand%2DWoes.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400052","display_name":"ePubWU Institutional Repository (Wirtschaftsuniversit\u00e4t Wien)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.iiasa.ac.at:13815","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13815/1/1-s2.0-S0305750X16304430-main.pdf-1735561744.pdf","pdf_url":"http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13815/1/1-s2.0-S0305750X16304430-main.pdf-1735561744.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401423","display_name":"IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1317774081","host_organization_name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317774081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:64830","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/64830/1/Published_manuscript.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/64830/1/Published_manuscript.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:90:y:2017:i:c:p:41-62","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X16304430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/65301","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/65301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"0305-750X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"},{"score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"},{"score":0.40450000762939453,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G278663403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3611268363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"179552","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322870","display_name":"Universiteit van die Vrystaat","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323260","display_name":"Universitetet i Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327324","display_name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/02wfhk785"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2523370331.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2523370331.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7171975","https://openalex.org/W75291348","https://openalex.org/W89245655","https://openalex.org/W98795021","https://openalex.org/W157680103","https://openalex.org/W169370418","https://openalex.org/W350880624","https://openalex.org/W560354932","https://openalex.org/W598337816","https://openalex.org/W794327705","https://openalex.org/W1485842156","https://openalex.org/W1487192358","https://openalex.org/W1499437518","https://openalex.org/W1513066401","https://openalex.org/W1513709814","https://openalex.org/W1520264555","https://openalex.org/W1522100079","https://openalex.org/W1539769687","https://openalex.org/W1540456201","https://openalex.org/W1553592957","https://openalex.org/W1555934011","https://openalex.org/W1572603406","https://openalex.org/W1959205816","https://openalex.org/W1964041472","https://openalex.org/W1975613379","https://openalex.org/W1976808590","https://openalex.org/W1977971987","https://openalex.org/W1983338648","https://openalex.org/W1984420912","https://openalex.org/W1986397345","https://openalex.org/W1989497162","https://openalex.org/W1992832165","https://openalex.org/W2000379144","https://openalex.org/W2010144328","https://openalex.org/W2017935281","https://openalex.org/W2018147832","https://openalex.org/W2019157392","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2027382631","https://openalex.org/W2034789941","https://openalex.org/W2038371599","https://openalex.org/W2038422132","https://openalex.org/W2038735093","https://openalex.org/W2042010895","https://openalex.org/W2042779226","https://openalex.org/W2051008731","https://openalex.org/W2062505535","https://openalex.org/W2063563722","https://openalex.org/W2064184941","https://openalex.org/W2067956280","https://openalex.org/W2079350221","https://openalex.org/W2081005004","https://openalex.org/W2081845494","https://openalex.org/W2084238611","https://openalex.org/W2085508658","https://openalex.org/W2085709804","https://openalex.org/W2085754377","https://openalex.org/W2087090488","https://openalex.org/W2088352559","https://openalex.org/W2090013494","https://openalex.org/W2099480696","https://openalex.org/W2107821139","https://openalex.org/W2108120903","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2124354221","https://openalex.org/W2126757247","https://openalex.org/W2134430959","https://openalex.org/W2144357229","https://openalex.org/W2147039585","https://openalex.org/W2154748748","https://openalex.org/W2155089644","https://openalex.org/W2155398215","https://openalex.org/W2157916763","https://openalex.org/W2159854104","https://openalex.org/W2161822337","https://openalex.org/W2177719934","https://openalex.org/W2184505097","https://openalex.org/W2185976884","https://openalex.org/W2254627525","https://openalex.org/W2289227059","https://openalex.org/W2322738038","https://openalex.org/W2513922847","https://openalex.org/W2519550144","https://openalex.org/W2526772633","https://openalex.org/W2530597942","https://openalex.org/W3121217586","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3123200913","https://openalex.org/W3124410037","https://openalex.org/W3124795722","https://openalex.org/W3140802641","https://openalex.org/W3204463495","https://openalex.org/W4239980866","https://openalex.org/W4247642499","https://openalex.org/W6630783247","https://openalex.org/W6696487346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3210442772","https://openalex.org/W2799482045","https://openalex.org/W7112514661","https://openalex.org/W2088996857","https://openalex.org/W1522100079","https://openalex.org/W2988373573","https://openalex.org/W4310730966","https://openalex.org/W4391919920","https://openalex.org/W4394592403","https://openalex.org/W2886583970"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"gender":[1],"inequality":[2],"is":[3,85,94],"believed":[4],"to":[5,20,70,78,92,116,140,161,170,193,200,216],"be":[6,129],"heightened":[7],"as":[8,197],"a":[9,52,107,125,162,239,259],"result":[10],"of":[11,44,59,73,109,156,179,183,214,275],"weather":[12],"events":[13],"and":[14,221,226,236,265],"climate-related":[15],"disasters":[16],"that":[17,29,113,122,168,188],"are":[18,137,152,190,246],"likely":[19],"become":[21],"more":[22,138,153],"common":[23],"in":[24,35,46,65,89,101,223,254],"the":[25,60,98,180],"future.":[26],"We":[27,120,249],"show":[28],"an":[30,211],"already":[31],"marginalized":[32],"group\u2014female-headed":[33],"households":[34,49,75,123,144,151,252,267],"South":[36,66,224],"Africa\u2014is":[37],"differentially":[38],"affected":[39,86],"by":[40,87,146,232],"relatively":[41],"modest":[42],"levels":[43],"variation":[45,88],"rainfall,":[47],"which":[48,208],"experience":[50],"on":[51,132,262,277],"year-to-year":[53],"basis.":[54],"Data":[55],"from":[56,76],"three":[57],"waves":[58],"National":[61],"Income":[62],"Dynamics":[63],"Survey":[64],"Africa":[67,225],"allow":[68,114],"us":[69,115],"follow":[71],"incomes":[72],"4,162":[74],"2006":[77],"2012.":[79],"By":[80],"observing":[81],"how":[82],"household":[83,166],"income":[84],"rainfall":[90,257,276],"relative":[91],"what":[93],"normally":[95],"experienced":[96],"during":[97],"rainy":[99],"season":[100],"each":[102],"district,":[103],"our":[104],"study":[105],"employs":[106],"series":[108],"naturally":[110],"occurring":[111],"experiments":[112],"identify":[117],"causal":[118],"effects.":[119],"find":[121,250],"where":[124,256],"single":[126],"head":[127],"can":[128,175],"identified":[130],"based":[131],"residency":[133],"or":[134,204],"work":[135],"status":[136],"vulnerable":[139,154,251,269],"climate":[141],"variability":[142],"than":[143],"headed":[145,231],"two":[147],"adults.":[148],"Single":[149],"male-headed":[150],"because":[155],"lower":[157],"initial":[158],"earnings":[159],"and,":[160],"lesser":[163],"extent,":[164],"other":[165,205,227],"characteristics":[167],"contribute":[169],"economic":[171],"disadvantages.":[172],"However,":[173],"this":[174,210],"only":[176,253],"explain":[177],"some":[178],"differential":[181],"vulnerability":[182],"female-headed":[184,194,266],"households.":[185],"This":[186],"suggests":[187],"there":[189],"traits":[191],"specific":[192],"households,":[195],"such":[196],"limited":[198],"access":[199],"protective":[201],"social":[202],"networks":[203],"coping":[206],"strategies,":[207],"makes":[209],"important":[212],"dimension":[213],"marginalization":[215],"consider":[217],"for":[218,272],"further":[219],"research":[220],"policy":[222],"national":[228],"contexts.":[229],"Households":[230],"widows,":[233],"never-married":[234],"women,":[235],"women":[237],"with":[238],"non-resident":[240],"spouse":[241],"(e.g.,":[242],"\u201cleft-behind\u201d":[243],"migrant":[244],"households)":[245],"particularly":[247],"vulnerable.":[248],"districts":[255],"has":[258],"large":[260],"effect":[261],"agricultural":[263],"yields,":[264],"remain":[268],"when":[270],"accounting":[271],"dynamic":[273],"impacts":[274],"income.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-09-30T00:00:00"}
