{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2521200544","doi":null,"title":"Composite Panel Impact Testing for the Down-Selection of Material for Use in the Outer Shell of Football Helmets","display_name":"Composite Panel Impact Testing for the Down-Selection of Material for Use in the Outer Shell of Football Helmets","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2521200544","mag":"2521200544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tigerprints.clemson.edu:all_theses-3513","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2508","pdf_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3513&context=all_theses","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Theses","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3513&context=all_theses","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035469004","display_name":"Natalie Genevieve Patzin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natalie Genevieve Patzin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035469004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10219","display_name":"Mechanical Behavior of Composites","score":0.7803000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10219","display_name":"Mechanical Behavior of Composites","score":0.7803000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.09440000355243683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11664","display_name":"Fiber-reinforced polymer composites","score":0.03139999881386757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/football-helmets","display_name":"football helmets","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-materials","display_name":"composite materials","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-testing","display_name":"impact testing","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-velocity-impact","display_name":"low-velocity impact","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-absorption","display_name":"energy absorption","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-related-concussion","display_name":"sports-related concussion","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycarbonate","display_name":"polycarbonate","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kevlar","display_name":"Kevlar","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basalt-fiber","display_name":"basalt fiber","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-fiber","display_name":"carbon fiber","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-glass","display_name":"E-glass","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-glass","display_name":"S-glass","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drop-weight-impact","display_name":"drop-weight impact","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rebound-velocity","display_name":"rebound velocity","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/material-selection","display_name":"material selection","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781052500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230313","display_name":"Shell (structure)","level":2,"score":0.7201182842254639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.667090654373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5731192231178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.4887266159057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39734840393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3767877221107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.28341811895370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2510783076286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22041159868240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16747567057609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11692789196968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08549180626869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07539424300193787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:tigerprints.clemson.edu:all_theses-3513","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2508","pdf_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3513&context=all_theses","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Theses","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.clemson.edu:all_theses-3513","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://open.clemson.edu/all_theses/2508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Theses","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2521200544","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2508/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tigerprints.clemson.edu:all_theses-3513","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2508","pdf_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3513&context=all_theses","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Theses","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309106","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2521200544.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2521200544.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4896323","https://openalex.org/W82646654","https://openalex.org/W130414071","https://openalex.org/W150805537","https://openalex.org/W289557321","https://openalex.org/W1572490995","https://openalex.org/W1965704196","https://openalex.org/W1966111281","https://openalex.org/W1967873232","https://openalex.org/W1969506897","https://openalex.org/W1982095494","https://openalex.org/W1982249298","https://openalex.org/W1985547171","https://openalex.org/W1986653392","https://openalex.org/W1990514899","https://openalex.org/W1992818488","https://openalex.org/W1993694198","https://openalex.org/W2003410844","https://openalex.org/W2012028092","https://openalex.org/W2021596706","https://openalex.org/W2022473379","https://openalex.org/W2023047483","https://openalex.org/W2026927006","https://openalex.org/W2033132483","https://openalex.org/W2037261503","https://openalex.org/W2041225277","https://openalex.org/W2043357315","https://openalex.org/W2047013385","https://openalex.org/W2047018049","https://openalex.org/W2049859379","https://openalex.org/W2052012245","https://openalex.org/W2053904770","https://openalex.org/W2057991894","https://openalex.org/W2061123677","https://openalex.org/W2062672132","https://openalex.org/W2067082623","https://openalex.org/W2067287674","https://openalex.org/W2076110774","https://openalex.org/W2079339225","https://openalex.org/W2081003716","https://openalex.org/W2081325915","https://openalex.org/W2084448100","https://openalex.org/W2084489100","https://openalex.org/W2087186345","https://openalex.org/W2090135351","https://openalex.org/W2093824496","https://openalex.org/W2096010550","https://openalex.org/W2104206176","https://openalex.org/W2120088820","https://openalex.org/W2126028421","https://openalex.org/W2126642518","https://openalex.org/W2133511390","https://openalex.org/W2135670435","https://openalex.org/W2149846394","https://openalex.org/W2159386726","https://openalex.org/W2161325585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391984439","https://openalex.org/W7214436303","https://openalex.org/W4400788988","https://openalex.org/W2246844729","https://openalex.org/W2810202428","https://openalex.org/W7093100343","https://openalex.org/W2087644499","https://openalex.org/W7222848558","https://openalex.org/W2969557777","https://openalex.org/W1984463501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Each":[0],"year,":[1],"there":[2],"are":[3,36,179],"an":[4,118,218],"estimated":[5],"3.8":[6],"million":[7],"sports-related":[8],"concussions":[9],"that":[10],"occur":[11,26],"in":[12,97,103,125,156,173,244,282,294],"the":[13,17,29,58,62,77,86,126,130,210,230,233,236,255,289,295,307,309,329],"United":[14],"States":[15],"alone,":[16],"majority":[18],"occurring":[19],"during":[20,235,314],"football":[21,48,131,183,299],"collisions.":[22,184],"These":[23,268],"staggering":[24],"numbers":[25],"even":[27],"with":[28,272],"use":[30,124,293],"of":[31,46,57,129,136,138,159,181,199,232,257,298,331],"mandated":[32],"protective":[33],"helmets,":[34],"which":[35,178],"designed":[37],"to":[38,67,73,76,101,121,153,162,203,226,254,286,320,323,327],"decrease":[39],"potential":[40,123,290],"brain":[41],"injuries.":[42],"The":[43,81,239],"outer":[44,127,296],"shell":[45,128,297],"a":[47,52,69,90,157,279],"helmet":[49],"acts":[50],"as":[51],"shield":[53],"for":[54,85,117,291,301],"vulnerable":[55],"areas":[56],"cranium":[59],"by":[60],"providing":[61],"initial":[63,119],"impact":[64,176,197,237,245,260,315,336],"force":[65],"dispersion":[66],"allow":[68],"more":[70],"distributed":[71],"load":[72],"be":[74,154],"transferred":[75],"inner":[78],"foam":[79],"padding.":[80],"current":[82,98],"material":[83],"standard":[84],"exterior":[87],"casing":[88],"is":[89],"polycarbonate":[91,258,276],"blend.":[92],"Multiple":[93],"studies":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"insufficiencies":[96],"helmets":[99,300],"due":[100,161],"limitations":[102],"energy":[104,168,284,303],"absorption":[105,169],"and":[106,147,166,170,217,228,242,246,252,277],"dissipation.":[107],"This":[108],"study":[109],"focuses":[110],"on":[111,322],"examining":[112],"twenty-two":[113],"different":[114],"composites":[115,269],"configurations":[116,264],"down-selection":[120],"determine":[122],"helmet.":[132],"Composites":[133],"were":[134,224,249,270],"composed":[135],"variations":[137],"multiple":[139],"fibers":[140],"including:":[141],"Innegra,":[142],"Kevlar,":[143],"basalt,":[144],"E-glass,":[145],"S-glass,":[146],"carbon.":[148],"Composite":[149],"materials":[150,333],"have":[151,317],"proven":[152],"beneficial":[155],"variety":[158],"applications":[160],"their":[163,292],"decreased":[164],"weight":[165,192],"exceptional":[167],"dissipation":[171],"performance":[172],"low":[174,195],"velocity":[175,196],"conditions,":[177],"representative":[180],"typical":[182],"Flat":[185],"panel":[186],"composite":[187,234,263,312],"specimens":[188],"underwent":[189],"dynamic":[190],"drop":[191],"impacts":[193],"at":[194],"conditions":[198],"20":[200],"J":[201],"according":[202],"ASTM":[204],"D7136-12.":[205],"A":[206],"Cushion":[207],"Testing":[208],"system,":[209],"Lansmont":[211],"Corporation":[212],"TP3":[213],"Data":[214],"Analysis":[215],"Software,":[216],"Olympus":[219],"i-Speed3":[220],"High":[221],"Speed":[222],"Camera":[223],"used":[225],"capture":[227],"analyze":[229],"response":[231,256,330],"event.":[238],"acceleration,":[240],"duration,":[241],"change":[243,281],"rebound":[247],"velocities":[248],"recorded,":[250],"analyzed,":[251],"compared":[253,285],"under":[259,334],"conditions.":[261],"Several":[262],"demonstrated":[265],"promising":[266],"results.":[267],"fabricated":[271],"lower":[273],"densities":[274],"than":[275],"experienced":[278],"greater":[280,335],"kinetic":[283],"polycarbonate;":[287],"illustrating":[288],"improved":[302],"absorption.":[304],"Based":[305],"upon":[306],"results,":[308],"top":[310],"ten":[311],"performers":[313],"testing":[316,326],"been":[318],"chosen":[319],"advance":[321],"Phase":[324],"II":[325],"evaluate":[328],"these":[332],"energies.":[337]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-30T07:30:35.949966","created_date":"2016-09-30T00:00:00"}