{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2520133441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","title":"The Lifecycle of Inventors","display_name":"The Lifecycle of Inventors","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2520133441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","mag":"2520133441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2838018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111751518","display_name":"Alex G. Bell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051484328","display_name":"Raj Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-8546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-8546","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-4647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Chetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060513804","display_name":"Xavier Jaravel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271375","display_name":"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02bg31g49","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271375"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Jaravel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University; Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University; Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4405271375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017453345","display_name":"Neviana Petkova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neviana Petkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Of Oregon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Oregon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004443266","display_name":"John Michael Van Reenen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-2907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-2907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139607695","display_name":"Institute for Fiscal Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cjx59","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139607695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Van Reenen","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Economics - Centre for Economic Performance (CEP); Stanford Graduate School of Business; Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS); Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics - Centre for Economic Performance (CEP); Stanford Graduate School of Business; Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS); Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139607695","https://openalex.org/I4210140326","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.46880000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.46880000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.16130000352859497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.13199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inventors","display_name":"inventors","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patenting","display_name":"patenting","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-innovation","display_name":"gender and innovation","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-personnel","display_name":"R&D personnel","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-policy","display_name":"innovation policy","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensive-margin","display_name":"extensive margin","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-risk","display_name":"income risk","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-scores","display_name":"test scores","score":0.3160000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.5537112951278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5272917747497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4883374869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.46271225810050964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4620245397090912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4469875991344452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.4424094557762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018804484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Low income","level":2,"score":0.4239428639411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42080992460250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38207995891571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2976868152618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10395285487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.09410545229911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2838018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2838018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.41670000553131104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534879146","https://openalex.org/W1560174547","https://openalex.org/W1963494749","https://openalex.org/W1963965317","https://openalex.org/W1984509612","https://openalex.org/W1992285890","https://openalex.org/W2002692512","https://openalex.org/W2006153666","https://openalex.org/W2007287880","https://openalex.org/W2026797770","https://openalex.org/W2028763616","https://openalex.org/W2061990921","https://openalex.org/W2062706622","https://openalex.org/W2071485517","https://openalex.org/W2089543673","https://openalex.org/W2096741193","https://openalex.org/W2099157244","https://openalex.org/W2106079711","https://openalex.org/W2118258539","https://openalex.org/W2129385606","https://openalex.org/W2144046143","https://openalex.org/W2152862471","https://openalex.org/W2158163701","https://openalex.org/W2170736145","https://openalex.org/W2318884600","https://openalex.org/W2753335427","https://openalex.org/W3121398724","https://openalex.org/W3122122025","https://openalex.org/W3123232677","https://openalex.org/W3123632740","https://openalex.org/W3124013039","https://openalex.org/W3124113441","https://openalex.org/W3124556614","https://openalex.org/W3125434214","https://openalex.org/W3125525305","https://openalex.org/W3125652931","https://openalex.org/W3125773907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122045960","https://openalex.org/W2907555704","https://openalex.org/W7113203367","https://openalex.org/W2907747726","https://openalex.org/W2772712483","https://openalex.org/W2579088067","https://openalex.org/W2883290696","https://openalex.org/W4404931135","https://openalex.org/W2599632452","https://openalex.org/W4321845433"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-09-23T00:00:00"}