{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2518792172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","title":"Using Big Data to Estimate Consumer Surplus: The Case of Uber","display_name":"Using Big Data to Estimate Consumer Surplus: The Case of Uber","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2518792172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","mag":"2518792172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w22627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061606851","display_name":"Peter Cohen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","University of Oxford","Working Paper No. 22627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Working Paper No. 22627","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101917530","display_name":"Robert W. Hahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-7221","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-7221","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-5628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Hahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford","1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","Working Paper No. 22627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Working Paper No. 22627","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jonathan Hall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","University of Oxford","Working Paper No. 22627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Working Paper No. 22627","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110461946","display_name":"Steven D. Levitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Levitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago , IL 60637","1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","University of Oxford","Working Paper No. 22627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago , IL 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Working Paper No. 22627","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037222817","display_name":"Robert Metcalfe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1244-8094","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1244-8094"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Metcalfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL , 60637","1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","University of Oxford","Working Paper No. 22627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL , 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1455 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94102","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago Saieh Hall for Economics 5757 S. University Avenue Chicago IL, 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Working Paper No. 22627","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":356,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.5443999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.5443999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.1088000014424324,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.059700001031160355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-surplus","display_name":"consumer surplus","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uber","display_name":"Uber","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ride-hailing","display_name":"ride-hailing","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surge-pricing","display_name":"surge pricing","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-elasticity","display_name":"demand elasticity","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-curve-estimation","display_name":"demand curve estimation","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-discontinuity-design","display_name":"regression discontinuity design","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ride-sharing-platforms","display_name":"ride-sharing platforms","score":0.48399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5853523015975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36648768186569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2847274839878082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15645596385002136}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w22627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22627","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w22627.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w22627.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3125809028","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3151655318","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/22627.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w22627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5299999713897705}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2518792172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2518792172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72568110","https://openalex.org/W580395921","https://openalex.org/W1173079801","https://openalex.org/W1522973335","https://openalex.org/W1530172293","https://openalex.org/W1540452021","https://openalex.org/W1978907431","https://openalex.org/W2001072839","https://openalex.org/W2018772681","https://openalex.org/W2034705136","https://openalex.org/W2115033532","https://openalex.org/W2128451418","https://openalex.org/W2133675110","https://openalex.org/W2133741788","https://openalex.org/W2138313261","https://openalex.org/W2140744877","https://openalex.org/W2144931085","https://openalex.org/W2155948917","https://openalex.org/W2168381974","https://openalex.org/W2170411204","https://openalex.org/W2184084368","https://openalex.org/W2193156406","https://openalex.org/W2890653946","https://openalex.org/W2890894067","https://openalex.org/W2890898686","https://openalex.org/W2891446262","https://openalex.org/W3121390624","https://openalex.org/W3121425356","https://openalex.org/W3122980008","https://openalex.org/W3123416802","https://openalex.org/W4233085081","https://openalex.org/W4298848807","https://openalex.org/W6631557640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3172980954","https://openalex.org/W4385541185","https://openalex.org/W3108114845","https://openalex.org/W4410452408","https://openalex.org/W2043167816","https://openalex.org/W3001984713","https://openalex.org/W7117975002","https://openalex.org/W2134140900","https://openalex.org/W126016754","https://openalex.org/W6926335413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"consumer":[1,47,72,91,100],"surplus":[2,73,92,101],"is":[3,93],"challenging":[4],"because":[5],"it":[6],"requires":[7],"identification":[8],"of":[9,23,90],"the":[10,21,37,64,75,98,104,108],"entire":[11],"demand":[12,31,38],"curve.We":[13,39],"rely":[14],"on":[15],"Uber's":[16],"\"surge\"":[17],"pricing":[18],"algorithm":[19],"and":[20,54],"richness":[22],"its":[24],"individual":[25],"level":[26],"data":[27],"to":[28,45],"first":[29],"estimate":[30,46,60],"elasticities":[32],"at":[33],"several":[34],"points":[35],"along":[36],"then":[40],"use":[41],"these":[42],"elasticity":[43],"estimates":[44],"surplus.Using":[48],"almost":[49],"50":[50],"million":[51],"individual-level":[52],"observations":[53],"a":[55],"regression":[56],"discontinuity":[57],"design,":[58],"we":[59],"that":[61,97],"in":[62,71,74,80,107,111],"2015":[63,112],"UberX":[65,105],"service":[66,106],"generated":[67,102],"about":[68,88],"$2.9":[69],"billion":[70],"four":[76],"U.S.":[77],"cities":[78],"included":[79],"our":[81],"analysis.For":[82],"each":[83],"dollar":[84],"spent":[85],"by":[86,103],"consumers,":[87],"$1.60":[89],"generated.Back-of-theenvelope":[94],"calculations":[95],"suggest":[96],"overall":[99],"United":[109],"States":[110],"was":[113],"$6.8":[114],"billion.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-18T09:31:52.927876","created_date":"2016-09-23T00:00:00"}