{"id":"https://openalex.org/W250642728","doi":null,"title":"The Apparel Industry and African Economic Development","display_name":"The Apparel Industry and African Economic Development","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W250642728","mag":"250642728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:250642728","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-59623952/the-apparel-industry-and-african-economic-development","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764994572","display_name":"Law and policy in international business","issn_l":"0023-9208","issn":["0023-9208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316006","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316006","https://openalex.org/P4323970070"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Georgetown University Law Center","Georgetown University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and policy in international business","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057654239","display_name":"Stephen E. Lamar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen E. Lamar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057654239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"601","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.08129999786615372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11552","display_name":"Global trade, sustainability, and social impact","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garment-industry","display_name":"apparel industry","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textile-industry","display_name":"textile industry","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-economic-development","display_name":"African economic development","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrastructure-constraints","display_name":"infrastructure constraints","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-reform","display_name":"economic reform","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-creation","display_name":"job creation","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-foreign-policy-toward-africa","display_name":"US foreign policy toward Africa","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-africa","display_name":"West Africa","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-supply","display_name":"labor supply","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530175646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460","display_name":"Clothing","level":2,"score":0.5761027932167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26993612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910154","display_name":"Panacea (medicine)","level":3,"score":0.5431101322174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5143131017684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780616401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133673","display_name":"Cornerstone","level":2,"score":0.4761521816253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.42755216360092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39710086584091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.32305487990379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11505496501922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:250642728","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-59623952/the-apparel-industry-and-african-economic-development","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764994572","display_name":"Law and policy in international business","issn_l":"0023-9208","issn":["0023-9208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316006","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316006","https://openalex.org/P4323970070"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Georgetown University Law Center","Georgetown University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and policy in international business","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804845080","https://openalex.org/W2197347463","https://openalex.org/W2024750778","https://openalex.org/W7111058451","https://openalex.org/W2252453666","https://openalex.org/W2567212303","https://openalex.org/W4410169888","https://openalex.org/W3215396055","https://openalex.org/W2784403213","https://openalex.org/W7034342773"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I.":[0],"SUMMARY":[1],"In":[2],"recent":[3,185],"years,":[4],"a":[5,12,72,94,111,171,174,298,362,370,423,449,475,504,555,563,593],"newfound":[6],"interest":[7],"in":[8,14,39,62,142,150,187,213,286,407,441,520,596,600],"Africa(2)":[9],"has":[10,294,428,488,502,558],"stimulated":[11],"trend":[13],"resources":[15],"and":[16,24,33,48,74,100,117,140,144,153,160,191,226,243,253,276,323,344,355,386,418,495,522,542,590],"personnel":[17],"to":[18,68,89,114,135,165,279,308,353,397,431,452,456,473,492,530,544,548],"develop":[19],"commerce":[20,557],"between":[21,586],"that":[22,122,138,180,209,229,584],"continent":[23],"the":[25,43,55,63,69,78,136,167,177,188,192,197,214,227,271,302,336,341,345,359,364,381,398,404,436,445,479,482,485,534,552,569,587],"United":[26,303,405,446,486,588],"States.":[27,304],"Increasingly,":[28],"high":[29,595],"profile":[30],"trade":[82],"missions":[32],"private":[34,366,508],"entrepreneurs":[35],"are":[36,87,131,333,528],"supplementing":[37],"and,":[38],"some":[40,411],"cases,":[41],"supplanting":[42],"legions":[44],"of":[45,58,71,80,169,196,203,347,383,435,464,481,551],"aid":[84],"workers":[47],"non-governmental":[49],"officials":[50],"who":[51,327],"have":[52,66,575],"long":[53],"been":[54,295,429],"primary":[56],"instrument":[57],"U.S.":[59,365,373,399,425,465,469,512,536,579,598],"foreign":[60,521,537],"policy":[61,427,471,513],"region.":[64],"Many":[65],"pointed":[67],"creation":[70],"textile":[73,99],"apparel":[75,101,145,189,215,288],"industry":[76,190,216],"as":[77,93,110,158,173,297,415,533,562,577],"cornerstone":[79],"this":[81,108,500],"not":[83],"reorientation.":[85],"Businesses":[86],"said":[88],"be":[90,124],"eyeing":[91],"Africa":[92,230,257,293,314,379,432,515,545,591,601],"new":[95,275,594],"source":[96],"for":[97,103,126,176,233,274,301,317,369,433,565,571],"low-cost":[98],"imports":[102],"global":[104],"markets.":[105],"Policymakers":[106],"see":[107,309],"sector":[109,172,509],"quick":[112],"way":[113],"generate":[115],"employment":[116,141],"stimulate":[118,147],"basic":[119,151],"manufacturing":[120],"skills":[121],"can":[123,146],"used":[125],"other":[127,148,154,262,549],"industries.":[128],"Development":[129],"economists":[130],"no":[132],"doubt":[133],"attracted":[134],"notion":[137],"production":[139],"textiles":[143],"improvements":[149],"infrastructure":[152],"social":[155],"needs":[156],"such":[157,170,414],"education":[159],"health.":[161],"It":[162,305],"is":[163,231,306,315,516,540,546,602],"enticing":[164],"view":[166],",development":[168],"panacea":[175],"many":[178,202],"ills":[179],"routinely":[181],"plague":[182],"Africa.":[183,377],"However,":[184],"developments":[186],"rapidly":[193],"approaching":[194],"end":[195,455,480],"worldwide":[198,287],"quota":[199],"system":[200],"eclipse":[201],"Africa's":[204,261],"natural":[205,222],"advantages.":[206],"Other":[207],"factors":[208,413],"constrain":[210],"African":[211,284,331,387,572],"participation":[212],"include":[217],"inadequate":[218],"infrastructure,":[219],"remoteness":[220],"from":[221],"markets,":[223],"pervasive":[224,337],"corruption,":[225],"perception":[228],"unpromising":[232],"business.":[234],"Nevertheless,":[235],"if":[236,244],"on":[237,340,358,507],"going":[238],"economic":[239],"reforms":[240],"take":[241],"hold,":[242],"increased":[245],"stability":[246],"stimulates":[247],"greater":[248,505],"business":[249],"confidence,":[250],"traditional":[251],"fears":[252],"risks":[254],"associated":[255],"with":[256,270,335,403],"will":[258,282],"disappear.":[259],"Moreover,":[260],"advantages,":[263],"including":[264],"its":[265,318,490],"abundant":[266],"labor":[267],"supply,":[268],"combined":[269],"perpetual":[272],"search":[273],"alternative":[277],"places":[278],"produce":[280],"garments,":[281],"boost":[283],"involvement":[285],"trade.":[289],"II.":[290],"INTRODUCTION":[291],"Historically,":[292],"overlooked":[296],"commercial":[299,412,573],"partner":[300],"easy":[307],"why.":[310],"For":[311],"most":[312],"Americans,":[313],"known":[316],"civil":[319],"strife,":[320],"humanitarian":[321],"crises,":[322],"exotic":[324],"wildlife.":[325],"Those":[326],"know":[328],"something":[329],"about":[330,462],"economies":[332],"familiar":[334],"entrepreneurial":[338],"spirit":[339],"one":[342],"hand":[343],"maze":[346],"bureaucratic":[348],"red":[349],"tape,":[350],"poor":[351],"access":[352,396],"capital,":[354],"fragmented":[356],"markets":[357],"other.":[360],"As":[361,554],"result,":[363,556],"sector,":[367],"except":[368],"few":[371],"notable":[372],"multinationals,":[374],"largely":[375,519],"ignored":[376],"Instead,":[378],"was":[380],"playground":[382],"Cold":[483],"Warriors":[385],"countries":[388],"were":[389],"deemed":[390],"valuable":[391],"only":[392],"when":[393],"they":[394],"provided":[395],"military":[400],"or":[401,458],"voted":[402],"States":[406,447,487,589],"international":[408],"fora.(3)":[409],"While":[410],"mining,":[416],"fishing,":[417],"aviation":[419],"rights":[420],"occasionally":[421],"played":[422],"role,":[424],"oblivious":[430],"much":[434],"past":[437],"forty":[438],"years.":[439],"Only":[440],"South":[442],"Africa,":[443],"where":[444],"imposed":[448],"embargo":[451],"force":[453],"an":[454],"apartheid,":[457],"Nigeria,":[459],"which":[460],"supplies":[461],"10%":[463],"oil":[466],"imports,(4)":[467],"did":[468],"seem":[472],"play":[474],"significant":[476],"role.":[477],"Since":[478],"War,":[484],"shifted":[489],"priorities":[491],"promote":[493],"democracy":[494],"free":[496],"market":[497],"reforms.":[498],"With":[499],"change":[501],"come":[503],"focus":[506],"growth.":[510],"Although":[511],"toward":[514],"still":[517],"grounded":[518],"disaster":[523],"assistance,":[524],"those":[525],"flows":[527],"beginning":[529],"taper":[531],"off":[532],"overall":[535],"assistance":[538,543],"budget":[539],"decreased":[541],"redirected":[547],"parts":[550],"world.(5)":[553],"become":[559],"increasingly":[560],"important":[561],"tool":[564],"U.S.-Africa":[566],"relations.":[567],"Fortunately,":[568],"prospects":[570],"development":[574],"improved":[576],"well.":[578],"Commerce":[580],"Department":[581],"figures":[582],"show":[583],"hit":[592],"1997.":[597],"investment":[599],"also":[603],"increasing.":[604],"\u2026":[605]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
