{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2503534778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008","title":"What is moral courage? Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct.","display_name":"What is moral courage? Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct.","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2503534778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008","mag":"2503534778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/12168-008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462819","display_name":"American Psychological Association eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue.","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2475707362","display_name":"The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue."},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Silvia Osswald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Osswald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Psychological Service, Bavarian Police, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Psychological Service, Bavarian Police, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039968418","display_name":"Tobias Greitemeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1351-9210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1351-9210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Greitemeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex, School of Psychology, Brighton, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, School of Psychology, Brighton, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013418501","display_name":"Peter A. Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6342-0104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6342-0104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Graz, Department of Psychology, Graz, Austria#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Graz, Department of Psychology, Graz, Austria#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007069289","display_name":"Dieter Frey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5685-9277","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5685-9277"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieter Frey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians University, Department of Psychology, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians University, Department of Psychology, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.642,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96722777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"149","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14513","display_name":"Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14513","display_name":"Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-courage","display_name":"moral courage","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosocial-behavior","display_name":"prosocial behavior","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helping-behavior","display_name":"helping behavior","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heroism","display_name":"heroism","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-control","display_name":"social control","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taking","display_name":"risk-taking","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-definition","display_name":"construct definition","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2004-indian-ocean-tsunami","display_name":"2004 Indian Ocean tsunami","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781374135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422898","display_name":"Explication","level":2,"score":0.96257084608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.7896633148193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776911728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208160","display_name":"Courage","level":2,"score":0.7143000364303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5454419851303101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.4200245141983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33672797679901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23166191577911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.06780105829238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06662574410438538}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/12168-008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462819","display_name":"American Psychological Association eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue.","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85488588","https://openalex.org/W141430544","https://openalex.org/W1488837022","https://openalex.org/W1509200966","https://openalex.org/W1517229207","https://openalex.org/W1963544976","https://openalex.org/W1963706152","https://openalex.org/W1975000068","https://openalex.org/W1977084011","https://openalex.org/W2001034907","https://openalex.org/W2001446040","https://openalex.org/W2006888718","https://openalex.org/W2011374129","https://openalex.org/W2032719376","https://openalex.org/W2042469587","https://openalex.org/W2047175771","https://openalex.org/W2048144196","https://openalex.org/W2052286836","https://openalex.org/W2053792489","https://openalex.org/W2056830850","https://openalex.org/W2076300620","https://openalex.org/W2079352085","https://openalex.org/W2088749803","https://openalex.org/W2103585632","https://openalex.org/W2110472749","https://openalex.org/W2112150249","https://openalex.org/W2112524266","https://openalex.org/W2119887099","https://openalex.org/W2124103550","https://openalex.org/W2131490687","https://openalex.org/W2160848358","https://openalex.org/W2162272219","https://openalex.org/W2163256700","https://openalex.org/W2169373894","https://openalex.org/W2170164245","https://openalex.org/W2198829320","https://openalex.org/W2798325333","https://openalex.org/W4229623346","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201376964","https://openalex.org/W2053405040","https://openalex.org/W3002726943","https://openalex.org/W4229739524","https://openalex.org/W2561693260","https://openalex.org/W6943873977","https://openalex.org/W7150382267","https://openalex.org/W4411598622","https://openalex.org/W2005762976","https://openalex.org/W4410818876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consider":[0],"the":[1,41,56,73,100,111,116,129,148,155,175,178,194,206,220,230,244,252,255,264,278],"following":[2],"two":[3],"instances":[4],"of":[5,120,170,237,243,267,274,283],"prosocial":[6,268,303],"behavior.":[7,285],"The":[8,66,151],"first":[9,176,265],"took":[10],"place":[11],"in":[12,32,70,77,80,132,143,168,174,241,250],"Munich,":[13],"Germany,":[14,133],"January":[15],"13,":[16],"2001:":[17],"About":[18],"20":[19],"Nazi":[20,195],"skinheads":[21,196],"harassed":[22,201],"a":[23,33,271],"young":[24,38,152,179],"Greek":[25],"and":[26,43,58,90,131,154,158,163,209,222,229,309],"started":[27],"to":[28,45,54,64,114,123,126,146,182,294],"beat":[29],"him":[30],"up":[31],"most":[34],"brutal":[35],"way.":[36],"Five":[37],"Turks":[39,153,180],"witnessed":[40],"situation":[42],"decided":[44],"intervene.":[46],"Risking":[47],"their":[48,88],"own":[49],"lives,":[50],"they":[51],"were":[52,96,141,167],"able":[53],"save":[55],"disabled":[57],"blood-stained":[59],"victim":[60],"from":[61,219,224],"being":[62,191,200],"beaten":[63],"death.":[65],"second":[67,279],"instance":[68,273],"occurred":[69],"Asia:":[71],"After":[72],"big":[74],"tsunami":[75,149,156,207],"wave":[76],"Southeast":[78,124],"Asia":[79,125],"December":[81],"2004,":[82],"more":[83,91,136,281],"than":[84,92,137],"165,000":[85],"people":[86,95,108,165],"lost":[87],"lives":[89],"one":[93],"million":[94,139],"made":[97],"homeless":[98],"by":[99,103,193,202,298],"floods.":[101],"Shocked":[102],"this":[104,296],"horrible":[105],"natural":[106],"disaster,":[107],"all":[109],"over":[110],"world":[112],"wanted":[113],"ease":[115],"victims\u2019":[117],"suffering.":[118],"Thousands":[119],"volunteers":[121,157,208],"went":[122],"help":[127,147],"on":[128],"ground":[130],"for":[134,254],"example,":[135],"250":[138],"Euros":[140],"collected":[142],"private":[144],"donations":[145],"victims.":[150],"donors":[159,210],"both":[160,235],"acted":[161],"prosocially":[162],"supported":[164],"who":[166],"situations":[169],"severe":[171],"distress.":[172],"However,":[173],"situation,":[177],"had":[181],"reckon":[183],"with":[184,289,301],"massive":[185],"negative":[186],"social":[187,214,316],"consequences":[188,215,253],"such":[189,216,305,312],"as":[190,217,306,313],"assaulted":[192],"or":[197,315],"at":[198],"least":[199],"them.":[203],"In":[204],"contrast,":[205],"could":[211],"anticipate":[212],"positive":[213],"gratefulness":[218],"victims":[221],"recognition":[223],"other":[225,227,302],"volunteers,":[226],"donors,":[228],"public.":[231],"Thus,":[232],"even":[233],"if":[234],"types":[236],"actions":[238],"are":[239],"done":[240],"pursuit":[242],"same":[245],"goal,":[246],"namely,":[247],"helping":[248,284,307],"persons":[249],"need,":[251],"helper":[256],"might":[257],"be":[258],"very":[259],"different.":[260],"We":[261,292,318],"argue":[262],"that":[263],"kind":[266],"behavior":[269,308],"is":[270,280],"typical":[272,282],"moral":[275,290],"courage,":[276],"whereas":[277],"This":[286],"chapter":[287],"deals":[288],"courage.":[291],"seek":[293],"highlight":[295],"construct":[297],"comparing":[299],"it":[300],"behaviors,":[304],"related":[310],"constructs":[311],"heroism":[314],"control.":[317],"also":[319],"include":[320],"research":[321],"about":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}