{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2497965378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","title":"An Overview of All Three Stages of the International Radiocarbon Intercomparison","display_name":"An Overview of All Three Stages of the International Radiocarbon Intercomparison","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2497965378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","mag":"2497965378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033822200012935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F84AA51E7CBA1B1BFF308C6F4B65103D/S0033822200012935a.pdf/div-class-title-an-overview-of-all-three-stages-of-the-international-radiocarbon-intercomparison-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35778795","display_name":"Radiocarbon","issn_l":"0033-8222","issn":["0033-8222","1945-5755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiocarbon","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F84AA51E7CBA1B1BFF308C6F4B65103D/S0033822200012935a.pdf/div-class-title-an-overview-of-all-three-stages-of-the-international-radiocarbon-intercomparison-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070204887","display_name":"E. M. Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-0623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-0623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E M Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QW, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QW, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111809418","display_name":"T. C. Aitchison","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T C Aitchison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QW, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QW, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108217550","display_name":"Doug D. Harkness","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D D Harkness","raw_affiliation_strings":["NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QU, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QU, Scotland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054757107","display_name":"Gordon Cook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-6266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-6266"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G T Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QU, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QU, Scotland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033861544","display_name":"M.S. Baxter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M S Baxter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QU, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QU, Scotland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2487,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2487},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.5288,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99781999,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"309","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13414","display_name":"Radioactive Decay and Measurement Techniques","score":0.012500000186264515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-bias","display_name":"systematic bias","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-consistency","display_name":"internal consistency","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-consistency","display_name":"external consistency","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interlaboratory-variability","display_name":"inter-laboratory variability","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-scintillation-counting","display_name":"liquid scintillation counting","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerator-mass-spectrometry","display_name":"accelerator mass spectrometry","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-preparation","display_name":"sample preparation","score":0.9110000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121073033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530255","display_name":"Accelerator mass spectrometry","level":3,"score":0.8160731196403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194097036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4406785","display_name":"Liquid scintillation counting","level":2,"score":0.7296398282051086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5511212348937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4879991114139557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100134115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412","display_name":"Radiocarbon dating","level":2,"score":0.4653182029724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.4611421525478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.43135586380958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4294905960559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.4198704659938812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3322141468524933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30273258686065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21545177698135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177322064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750955","display_name":"Radiochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1262708306312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.11052805185317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10350561141967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08905470371246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033822200012935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F84AA51E7CBA1B1BFF308C6F4B65103D/S0033822200012935a.pdf/div-class-title-an-overview-of-all-three-stages-of-the-international-radiocarbon-intercomparison-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35778795","display_name":"Radiocarbon","issn_l":"0033-8222","issn":["0033-8222","1945-5755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiocarbon","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.arizona.edu:10150/652932","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/652932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400271","display_name":"UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","host_organization_name":"University of Arizona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"319","raw_type":"Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033822200012935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012935","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F84AA51E7CBA1B1BFF308C6F4B65103D/S0033822200012935a.pdf/div-class-title-an-overview-of-all-three-stages-of-the-international-radiocarbon-intercomparison-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35778795","display_name":"Radiocarbon","issn_l":"0033-8222","issn":["0033-8222","1945-5755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiocarbon","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2497965378.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2497965378.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119490949","https://openalex.org/W2483353268","https://openalex.org/W2489892090","https://openalex.org/W4245668497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2489892090","https://openalex.org/W2483353268","https://openalex.org/W2317763427","https://openalex.org/W2474073519","https://openalex.org/W2490576722","https://openalex.org/W2020585562","https://openalex.org/W2345429732","https://openalex.org/W4245668497","https://openalex.org/W7098692703","https://openalex.org/W2098141225"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,170],"International":[1],"Collaborative":[2],"Study":[3],"involved":[4],"a":[5,49,96],"wide":[6],"range":[7],"of":[8,34,41,77,95,113,122,142,162,184,189,197,223,244],"sample":[9,232],"materials":[10],"and":[11,37,51,64,67,80,100,138,156,166,187,216,231,249],"ages":[12],"and,":[13,117],"on":[14],"completion,":[15],"assessed":[16,158],"each":[17,206],"stage":[18],"independently":[19],"(Scott":[20],"et":[21,25,84],"al":[22,26,85],"1989;":[23],"Aitchison":[24],"1990).":[27,86],"We":[28,87,146,192,209],"combine":[29],"here":[30],"the":[31,35,42,45,103,109,114,119,135,143,149,153,159,175,195,202,224,241,247],"three":[32,150,154],"stages":[33,155],"study":[36],"provide":[38,92],"an":[39,127],"overview":[40],"uncertainties":[43],"in":[44,52,177],"dating":[46],"procedure":[47],"as":[48],"whole":[50],"its":[53],"component":[54],"processes.":[55,251],"Three":[56],"key":[57],"optimal":[58],"performance":[59],"indices,":[60,134],"related":[61],"to":[62,68,73,126,201,229],"internal":[63,104],"external":[65,120],"precision":[66],"bias,":[69],"have":[70,107,131,147,157,193],"been":[71],"defined":[72,108,132],"allow":[74],"quantitative":[75,93],"assessment":[76],"Internal":[78,110],"Consistency":[79,82],"External":[81,139],"(Aitchison":[83],"believe":[88],"that":[89],"these":[90],"measures":[91],"descriptions":[94],"laboratory's":[97],"reproducibility,":[98],"accuracy":[99],"precision.":[101],"For":[102],"consistency,":[105],"we":[106,130],"Error":[111,140],"Multiplier":[112,141],"quoted":[115,144,171],"error":[116],"for":[118,205,212,235],"consistency":[121],"any":[123],"laboratory":[124,207],"relative":[125,160],"appropriate":[128],"baseline,":[129],"two":[133],"Systematic":[136],"Bias":[137],"error.":[145],"evaluated":[148],"indices":[151],"over":[152],"performances":[161],"gas":[163,217],"counting,":[164],"accelerator":[165,236],"liquid":[167,213],"scintillation":[168,214],"laboratories.":[169],"errors":[172],"describe":[173],"adequately":[174],"variability":[176,204,245],"duplicate":[178],"results,":[179],"but":[180],"there":[181],"is":[182,227],"evidence":[183],"systematic":[185],"biases":[186],"underestimation":[188],"interlaboratory":[190],"variability.":[191],"considered":[194],"contribution":[196],"pretreatment,":[198],"synthesis":[199,233],"counting":[200,218,230],"overall":[203],"type.":[208],"found":[210],"that,":[211],"(LS)":[215],"(GC)":[219],"laboratories,":[220,240],"ca":[221],"66%":[222],"total":[225],"variation":[226],"due":[228],"whereas,":[234],"mass":[237],"spectrometry":[238],"(AMS)":[239],"major":[242],"sources":[243],"are":[246],"sampling":[248],"pretreatment":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}