{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2497804286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","title":"Theories of Crime and Place","display_name":"Theories of Crime and Place","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2497804286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","mag":"2497804286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Place Matters","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4245835525","display_name":"Place Matters"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040123382","display_name":"David L. Weisburd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-5190","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-5190"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Weisburd","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046002785","display_name":"John E. Eck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6742-9985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6742-9985"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John E. Eck","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032952441","display_name":"Anthony A. Braga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony A. Braga","raw_affiliation_strings":["John F. Kennedy School of Government, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John F. Kennedy School of Government, Massachusetts","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088457794","display_name":"Cody W. Telep","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-8353","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-8353"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cody W. Telep","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089750997","display_name":"Breanne Cave","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Breanne Cave","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004239003","display_name":"KATE J. BOWERS","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-492X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-492X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kate Bowers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112771004","display_name":"Gerben Bruinsma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerben Bruinsma","raw_affiliation_strings":["VU University Amsterdam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VU University Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007205535","display_name":"Charlotte E. Gill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6037-7614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6037-7614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027177540","display_name":"Elizabeth R. Groff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7745-0198","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7745-0198"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth R. Groff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043749575","display_name":"Julie Hibdon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Hibdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Illinois University, Carbondale"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Illinois University, Carbondale","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080465520","display_name":"Joshua C. Hinkle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3601-6330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3601-6330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua C. Hinkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085424492","display_name":"Shane D. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0184-9896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0184-9896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shane D. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026808466","display_name":"Brian A. Lawton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7062-9192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7062-9192"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92507152","display_name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice","ror":"https://ror.org/01p9rc392","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92507152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Lawton","raw_affiliation_strings":["John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I92507152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046643331","display_name":"Cynthia M. Lum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-3987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-3987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Lum","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077470369","display_name":"Jerry H. Ratcliffe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-6761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-6761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry H. Ratcliffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086919030","display_name":"George F. Rengert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Rengert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027058106","display_name":"Travis A. Taniguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-1330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-1330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Travis Taniguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["RTI International, North Carolina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RTI International, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027087251","display_name":"Sue\u2010Ming Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0958-8544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0958-8544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sue-Ming Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23252781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"42","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-hotspots","display_name":"crime hotspots","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-disorganization-theory","display_name":"social disorganization theory","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-concentration","display_name":"crime concentration","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-dependence","display_name":"state dependence","score":0.8360000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.7640639543533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6959841251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5001192092895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993504008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520311","display_name":"Violent crime","level":2,"score":0.4680126905441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4496604800224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3298504948616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3146873712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1479121446609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.041061997413635254}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Place Matters","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120568135","https://openalex.org/W2771005683","https://openalex.org/W2770368546","https://openalex.org/W7100244140","https://openalex.org/W2801581279","https://openalex.org/W2596743525","https://openalex.org/W4360587146","https://openalex.org/W1479955723","https://openalex.org/W4240483369","https://openalex.org/W1571188373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,191,202],"the":[1,93,106,123,180,192,203,207,261,291,298,335,364],"previous":[2],"chapter,":[3,208],"we":[4,195,209,225],"showed":[5],"that":[6,20,92,101,179,244,263,275,358],"crime":[7,66,98,118,174,236,307,313,346,362,368,376],"is":[8,29,65,105,131,238,319],"concentrated":[9,67],"at":[10,114,377],"very":[11],"small":[12,71],"geographic":[13],"units,":[14],"substantially":[15],"smaller":[16],"than":[17],"neighborhoods,":[18],"and":[19,61,89,177,198,309],"these":[21,216],"concentrations,":[22],"on":[23,87,117,297,337],"average,":[24],"are":[25,58],"relatively":[26,70],"stable.":[27],"This":[28,315],"true":[30],"whether":[31],"examining":[32],"high-":[33],"or":[34,329],"low-crime":[35],"neighborhoods.":[36],"Although":[37],"high-crime":[38,49,56,184],"places":[39,57,185,231,276,303],"do":[40],"cluster,":[41],"they":[42],"seldom":[43],"form":[44],"a":[45,69,138,170,173,294,323,330,343,367,378],"homogeneous":[46],"block":[47],"of":[48,55,73,95,129,133,148,158,166,206,229,235,283,293,360,366,375],"places.":[50,63],"Rather,":[51],"interspersed":[52],"within":[53],"concentrations":[54],"many":[59],"low-":[60],"modest-crime":[62],"Why":[64],"in":[68,267,305,311,373],"number":[72],"places?":[74],"Standard":[75],"criminology":[76,85],"has":[77],"not":[78],"asked":[79],"this":[80,110],"question,":[81],"largely":[82],"because":[83,126],"standard":[84],"focuses":[86],"criminality":[88],"implicitly":[90],"assumes":[91],"density":[94],"offenders":[96],"explains":[97],"density.":[99],"Recognition":[100],"place":[102,119,171,189,268,299],"characteristics":[103],"matter":[104],"starting":[107],"point":[108],"for":[109,227,260],"chapter.":[111],"We":[112,121,160],"look":[113,226],"two":[115,164,217,242,255],"perspectives":[116],"characteristics.":[120,190],"use":[122],"term":[124],"\u201cperspective\u201d":[125],"each":[127],"type":[128],"explanation":[130],"comprised":[132],"multiple":[134],"theories":[135,147,157],"linked":[136],"by":[137,162,182],"common":[139],"orientation.":[140],"The":[141,150],"first":[142],"perspective":[143,152],"arises":[144,153],"from":[145,154],"opportunity":[146,197],"crime.":[149,159,271],"second":[151],"social":[155,199],"disorganization":[156,200],"begin":[161],"contrasting":[163],"ways":[165,212],"thinking":[167],"about":[168],"how":[169],"becomes":[172],"hot":[175,233],"spot":[176],"suggest":[178],"process":[181],"which":[183],"evolve":[186],"must":[187],"involve":[188],"next":[193],"sections,":[194],"examine":[196,210],"explanations.":[201],"final":[204],"section":[205],"possible":[211],"researchers":[213],"might":[214,245],"link":[215],"perspectives.":[218],"PROCESSES":[219],"THAT":[220],"CREATE":[221],"CRIME":[222],"PLACES":[223],"Before":[224],"explanations":[228],"why":[230],"become":[232],"spots":[234],"it":[237],"important":[239],"to":[240,247,258,265,270,340,342,371],"consider":[241],"processes":[243,262],"lead":[246,264,370],"such":[248],"an":[249,284],"outcome.":[250],"Criminologists":[251],"have":[252],"generally":[253],"proposed":[254],"generic":[256],"models":[257],"account":[259],"variation":[266],"susceptibility":[269],"One":[272],"model":[273,318,325],"suggests":[274,357],"may":[277],"start":[278],"with":[279],"reasonably":[280],"similar":[281],"risks":[282],"initial":[285,361],"criminal":[286],"attack,":[287],"but":[288],"once":[289],"attacked":[290],"risk":[292,363,374],"subsequent":[295],"attack":[296],"rises.":[300],"Over":[301],"time,":[302],"diverge":[304],"their":[306,312],"risk,":[308],"consequently":[310],"counts.":[314],"temporal":[316],"contagion":[317],"also":[320],"known":[321],"as":[322],"boost":[324],"(see":[326],"Chapter":[327],"2)":[328],"state-dependence":[331],"model.":[332],"It":[333,356],"puts":[334],"emphasis":[336],"offenders\u2019":[338],"willingness":[339],"return":[341],"previously":[344],"successful":[345],"site":[347],"(Johnson":[348],"et":[349,353],"al.":[350,354],"2007;":[351],"Townsley":[352],"2000).":[355],"irrespective":[359],"occurrence":[365],"will":[369],"changes":[372],"place.":[379]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}