{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2497702133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.34917.ch3","title":"Variable-Length Codes","display_name":"Variable-Length Codes","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2497702133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.34917.ch3","mag":"2497702133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/3.34917.ch3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.34917.ch3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.34917.ch3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463935","display_name":"SPIE eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Image Compression Techniques","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1592970628","display_name":"Digital Image Compression Techniques"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111726577","display_name":"Majid Rabbani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6289-0500","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6289-0500"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175669267","display_name":"Carestream (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/048m16q57","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175669267"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159451","display_name":"Kodak (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rn3ph18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Rabbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eastman Kodak Co"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eastman Kodak Co","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175669267","https://openalex.org/I4210159451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paul Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175669267","display_name":"Carestream (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/048m16q57","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175669267"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159451","display_name":"Kodak (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rn3ph18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eastman Kodak Co"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eastman Kodak Co","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175669267","https://openalex.org/I4210159451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"22","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-length-coding","display_name":"variable-length codes","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-coding","display_name":"source coding","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefix-codes","display_name":"prefix codes","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-information-theory","display_name":"entropy (information theory)","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-memoryless-sources","display_name":"discrete memoryless sources","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-alphabet","display_name":"binary alphabet","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-construction","display_name":"code construction","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-extension","display_name":"source extension","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20079647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278039","display_name":"Prefix code","level":5,"score":0.8645021915435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153207627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863873","display_name":"Code word","level":3,"score":0.8542675375938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70992990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681587","display_name":"Systematic code","level":4,"score":0.7554953694343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197294415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4176366","display_name":"Universal code","level":5,"score":0.7303460240364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197242373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163613","display_name":"Constant-weight code","level":5,"score":0.6553263068199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60603091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981616","display_name":"Variable-length code","level":3,"score":0.6464750170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.533748984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.504904568195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206468330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834373","display_name":"Code rate","level":3,"score":0.4602813124656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.4283534288406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39635130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7226636","display_name":"Polynomial code","level":5,"score":0.41155749559402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3982725143432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3914368450641632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3838540017604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.38369566202163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.36418798565864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2400350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752667","display_name":"Linear code","level":4,"score":0.35282739996910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.29806941747665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2158282995223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.08576518297195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/3.34917.ch3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.34917.ch3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.34917.ch3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463935","display_name":"SPIE eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Image Compression Techniques","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096264954","https://openalex.org/W4245499770","https://openalex.org/W2216532275","https://openalex.org/W2387163710","https://openalex.org/W2572609369","https://openalex.org/W7096668768","https://openalex.org/W2042921064","https://openalex.org/W7098282374","https://openalex.org/W2160474927","https://openalex.org/W2123950685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"the":[1,7,21,49,57,124,135],"noiseless":[2],"coding":[3],"theorem":[4],"provides":[5],"for":[6,33,64,143],"existence":[8],"of":[9,23,61,154,183],"a":[10,15,24,31,72,105,152,165,176,189],"code":[11,103,113,159],"that":[12,148],"can":[13],"achieve":[14,48],"rate":[16],"equal":[17],"to":[18,47,99,108,134],"or":[19],"approaching":[20],"entropy":[22],"source,":[25],"it":[26],"unfortunately":[27],"does":[28],"not":[29],"provide":[30],"means":[32],"constructing":[34,144],"an":[35,68,101,180],"actual":[36],"code.":[37,168,192],"Generally,":[38],"variable-length":[39,62],"codes":[40,63,146],"are":[41],"used":[42],"together":[43],"with":[44,91],"source":[45,65],"extensions":[46],"desired":[50,117],"performance.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53,110,161],"chapter,":[54],"we":[55],"discuss":[56],"use":[58],"and":[59,87,140,186],"construction":[60],"encoding.":[66],"Consider":[67],"example":[69],"in":[70,94,123,171],"which":[71,174],"DMS":[73],"S":[74],"has":[75,179],"four":[76],"symbols,":[77],"s":[78,81,84,88],"1":[79],",":[80,83,86,90],"2":[82,184],"3":[85],"4":[89],"probabilities":[92],"given":[93],"Table":[95,172],"3.1.":[96],"We":[97],"wish":[98],"construct":[100],"efficient":[102],"using":[104],"binary":[106],"alphabet":[107],"encode":[109],"source.":[111],"Our":[112],"should":[114,126],"have":[115],"some":[116,155],"characteristics.":[118],"For":[119],"instance,":[120],"each":[121],"codeword":[122,150],"sequence":[125],"be":[127,151],"instantaneously":[128],"decodable,":[129],"i.e.,":[130],"decodable":[131],"without":[132],"reference":[133],"succeeding":[136],"codewords.":[137],"A":[138],"necessary":[139],"sufficient":[141],"condition":[142,162,167,191],"such":[145],"is":[147,163,175,187],"no":[149],"prefix":[153,166,190],"other":[156],"codeword.":[157],"Any":[158],"satisfying":[160],"called":[164],"Code":[169],"I":[170],"3.1,":[173],"fixed-length":[177],"code,":[178],"average":[181],"length":[182],"bits/symbol":[185],"clearly":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}
