{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2495977611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","title":"Freelancers and innovation in France","display_name":"Freelancers and innovation in France","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2495977611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","mag":"2495977611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123914889","display_name":"International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business","issn_l":"1476-1297","issn":["1476-1297","1741-8054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068170110","display_name":"Matthijs den Besten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-4278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-4278"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131537","display_name":"MBS School of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/037tw3m02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131537"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthijs Den Besten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montpellier Business School, Montpellier Research in Management, Labex Entreprendre, 2300, avenue des Moulins, 34185 Montpellier CEDEX 4, France","Montpellier Research in Management"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montpellier Business School, Montpellier Research in Management, Labex Entreprendre, 2300, avenue des Moulins, 34185 Montpellier CEDEX 4, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131537"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montpellier Research in Management","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038725103","display_name":"Walid A. Nakara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5463-2546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5463-2546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131537","display_name":"MBS School of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/037tw3m02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131537"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid A. Nakara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montpellier Business School, Montpellier Research in Management, Labex Entreprendre, 2300, avenue des Moulins, 34185 Montpellier CEDEX 4, France","Montpellier Research in Management"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montpellier Business School, Montpellier Research in Management, Labex Entreprendre, 2300, avenue des Moulins, 34185 Montpellier CEDEX 4, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131537"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montpellier Research in Management","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131537"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81349541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"66","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9487000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9487000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.04740000143647194,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freelancers","display_name":"freelancers","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation","display_name":"innovation","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employment","display_name":"self-employment","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovative-industries","display_name":"innovative industries","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-in-smes","display_name":"small business innovation","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desire-for-independence","display_name":"desire for independence","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-characteristics","display_name":"entrepreneurial characteristics","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/france","display_name":"France","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.7042258977890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5753694772720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.5021488666534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.47794345021247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.078054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123914889","display_name":"International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business","issn_l":"1476-1297","issn":["1476-1297","1741-8054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-02010652v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-02010652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2016, 29 (1), pp.66-82. &#x27E8;10.1504/IJESB.2016.078054&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:29:y:2016:i:1:p:66-82","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=78054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612878002","https://openalex.org/W1591891602","https://openalex.org/W1758792603","https://openalex.org/W1905560515","https://openalex.org/W1924130962","https://openalex.org/W1968211748","https://openalex.org/W1979320867","https://openalex.org/W1982636414","https://openalex.org/W1983693965","https://openalex.org/W1985759316","https://openalex.org/W1998075983","https://openalex.org/W2007285809","https://openalex.org/W2012552342","https://openalex.org/W2023239537","https://openalex.org/W2027379791","https://openalex.org/W2027502544","https://openalex.org/W2033431664","https://openalex.org/W2037557484","https://openalex.org/W2038964266","https://openalex.org/W2046243594","https://openalex.org/W2048271092","https://openalex.org/W2049635546","https://openalex.org/W2052891049","https://openalex.org/W2059238592","https://openalex.org/W2060250302","https://openalex.org/W2064475488","https://openalex.org/W2065251090","https://openalex.org/W2075078406","https://openalex.org/W2080365548","https://openalex.org/W2087700607","https://openalex.org/W2089231322","https://openalex.org/W2097448271","https://openalex.org/W2097597684","https://openalex.org/W2138003240","https://openalex.org/W2142996576","https://openalex.org/W2145761297","https://openalex.org/W2147743542","https://openalex.org/W2149922394","https://openalex.org/W2159138758","https://openalex.org/W2159805452","https://openalex.org/W2163848058","https://openalex.org/W2165910718","https://openalex.org/W2203404112","https://openalex.org/W2245180791","https://openalex.org/W2913501035","https://openalex.org/W3122800680","https://openalex.org/W3123960817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951246244","https://openalex.org/W2970728141","https://openalex.org/W2089231322","https://openalex.org/W4297618267","https://openalex.org/W7015991190","https://openalex.org/W2971743271","https://openalex.org/W2046243594","https://openalex.org/W2584334509","https://openalex.org/W2927690323","https://openalex.org/W2127935513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"the":[1,61,107],"role":[2],"of":[3,37,63,97],"small":[4],"businesses":[5,20],"in":[6,43,53,83,100],"innovation":[7,111],"is":[8,13],"well":[9],"described,":[10],"little":[11],"attention":[12],"given":[14],"to":[15,29,45,47,59,80,106],"freelancers":[16,40,71],"(business":[17],"owners":[18,79],"whose":[19],"are":[21,51,72,93],"without":[22],"personnel":[23],"and":[24,58,89,117],"who":[25,41],"have":[26],"no":[27],"desire":[28,90],"grow":[30],"their":[31],"business).":[32],"We":[33],"used":[34],"a":[35],"sample":[36],"32,595":[38],"French":[39,70],"started":[42],"2002":[44],"explore":[46],"what":[48],"degree":[49],"they":[50],"operating":[52],"innovative":[54,84],"vs.":[55],"non-innovative":[56],"industries":[57],"analyse":[60],"characteristics":[62,96],"those":[64],"freelancers.":[65,119],"The":[66],"findings":[67],"show":[68],"that":[69],"nearly":[73],"as":[74,76],"likely":[75],"other":[77],"business":[78],"be":[81],"active":[82],"sectors.":[85],"High":[86],"education":[87],"levels":[88],"for":[91],"independence":[92],"also":[94],"important":[95],"people":[98],"working":[99],"this":[101],"sector.":[102],"This":[103],"study":[104],"contributes":[105],"growing":[108],"literature":[109],"on":[110],"among":[112],"researchers":[113],"informing":[114],"policy":[115],"makers":[116],"prospective":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}
