{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2493869007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","title":"Calibration of photoelastic modulator based dichrometers: maintaining constant phase across the spectrum","display_name":"Calibration of photoelastic modulator based dichrometers: maintaining constant phase across the spectrum","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2493869007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","mag":"2493869007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116045149","display_name":"Journal of Instrumentation","issn_l":"1748-0221","issn":["1748-0221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Instrumentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349559","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064058969","display_name":"John C. Sutherland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3527-0321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3527-0321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J.C. Sutherland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, U.S.A","Department of Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 20912, U.S.A","Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 20912, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064058969"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I25041050"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1448,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50862389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"07","first_page":"P07016","last_page":"P07016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12050","display_name":"Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12050","display_name":"Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13493","display_name":"Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies","score":0.1307000070810318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.03819999843835831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoelastic-modulator","display_name":"photoelastic modulator","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-calibration","display_name":"phase shift calibration","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-induced-birefringence","display_name":"stress-induced birefringence","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-fluoride","display_name":"calcium fluoride","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fused-silica","display_name":"fused silica","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-dichroism","display_name":"circular dichroism","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index","display_name":"refractive index","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sellmeier-equation","display_name":"Sellmeier equation","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-ultraviolet","display_name":"vacuum ultraviolet","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchrotron-radiation","display_name":"synchrotron radiation","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-dependence","display_name":"temperature dependence","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-pressure-dependence","display_name":"atmospheric pressure dependence","score":0.7200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.7388080358505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.5767636299133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125743686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108779","display_name":"Birefringence","level":2,"score":0.5416181683540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4794546365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4700775444507599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.43819206953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.422420859336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4048357605934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09441593289375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/07/p07016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116045149","display_name":"Journal of Instrumentation","issn_l":"1748-0221","issn":["1748-0221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Instrumentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1349559","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1349559","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1349559","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1349559","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310571","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313241","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338289","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2493869007.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2493869007.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43562710","https://openalex.org/W204933831","https://openalex.org/W321825679","https://openalex.org/W604915227","https://openalex.org/W1549469289","https://openalex.org/W1573986638","https://openalex.org/W1585157115","https://openalex.org/W1599503934","https://openalex.org/W1611721426","https://openalex.org/W1788340651","https://openalex.org/W1884934454","https://openalex.org/W1971014721","https://openalex.org/W1981811730","https://openalex.org/W1987368502","https://openalex.org/W1988042993","https://openalex.org/W1994599419","https://openalex.org/W2029632318","https://openalex.org/W2043472482","https://openalex.org/W2046097201","https://openalex.org/W2054571770","https://openalex.org/W2060604472","https://openalex.org/W2066318948","https://openalex.org/W2073239315","https://openalex.org/W2074433337","https://openalex.org/W2094219230","https://openalex.org/W2110422914","https://openalex.org/W2126650978","https://openalex.org/W2127545820","https://openalex.org/W2137325658","https://openalex.org/W2418751428","https://openalex.org/W2906702211","https://openalex.org/W2950564415","https://openalex.org/W3005253490","https://openalex.org/W4236051507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985079512","https://openalex.org/W2085479416","https://openalex.org/W2032768102","https://openalex.org/W2102584633","https://openalex.org/W3013222944","https://openalex.org/W2341257516","https://openalex.org/W2046097201","https://openalex.org/W2033890999","https://openalex.org/W2072255310","https://openalex.org/W2607116272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photoelastic":[0],"modulators":[1,113,230],"can":[2,349],"alter":[3,56],"the":[4,23,32,36,42,57,77,87,132,150,153,168,172,188,204,208,239,245,249,253,257,266,275,280,288,297,307,316,326,338,351],"polarization":[5,58,143],"state":[6,59],"of":[7,10,18,26,35,44,60,79,84,90,98,101,127,152,161,174,201,215,252,274,291,300,353],"a":[8,27,61,136,146,159,179,185,223,262,284,292,322,354],"beam":[9,62],"ultraviolet,":[11],"visible":[12],"or":[13,55],"infrared":[14],"photons":[15],"by":[16],"means":[17],"periodic":[19],"stress-induced":[20],"differences":[21],"in":[22,41,51,63,131,203,244],"refractive":[24,276,289,298],"index":[25,277,299],"transparent":[28],"material":[29],"that":[30,53,149,170,286,313,348],"forms":[31],"optical":[33,102,117,209,237,250,294],"element":[34,210,251,295],"device":[37],"and":[38,73,92,97,111,234,260,332,359],"is":[39,184,211,242],"isotropic":[40],"absence":[43],"stress.":[45],"They":[46],"have":[47,119],"found":[48],"widespread":[49],"application":[50],"instruments":[52],"characterize":[54],"fields":[64],"as":[65,67,158],"diverse":[66],"astronomy,":[68],"structural":[69],"biology,":[70],"materials":[71],"science":[72],"ultraviolet":[74],"lithography":[75],"for":[76,187,306,325,337,343],"manufacture":[78],"nano-scale":[80],"integrated":[81],"circuits.":[82],"Measurement":[83],"circular":[85,121],"dichroism,":[86],"differential":[88],"absorption":[89],"left-":[91],"right":[93],"circularly":[94],"polarized":[95],"light,":[96],"strain-induced":[99],"birefringence":[100],"components":[103],"are":[104,362],"major":[105],"applications.":[106],"Instruments":[107],"using":[108],"synchrotron":[109],"radiation":[110],"photoelastic":[112,166,355],"with":[114,231],"CaF":[115],"2":[116],"elements":[118],"extended":[120],"dichroism":[122],"measurements":[123],"down":[124],"to":[125,177,195,279,296],"wavelengths":[126],"about":[128],"130":[129],"nm":[130],"vacuum":[133],"ultraviolet.":[134],"Maintaining":[135],"constant":[137],"phase":[138,181],"shift":[139],"between":[140],"two":[141],"orthogonal":[142],"states":[144],"across":[145],"spectrum":[147],"requires":[148],"amplitude":[151,173],"modulated":[154],"stress":[155,189],"be":[156,196],"changed":[157],"function":[160,200],"wavelength.":[162],"For":[163,229],"commercially":[164],"available":[165],"modulators,":[167],"voltage":[169,221,310],"controls":[171],"modulation":[175,190],"required":[176],"produce":[178],"specified":[180],"shift,":[182],"which":[183],"surrogate":[186],"amplitude,":[191],"has":[192],"been":[193],"shown":[194],"an":[197,304],"approximately":[198],"linear":[199,328],"wavelength":[202,241,263],"spectral":[205,246],"region":[206,247],"where":[207,248],"transparent.":[212],"But,":[213],"extrapolations":[214],"such":[216],"straight":[217],"lines":[218],"cross":[219],"zero":[220],"at":[222,227,261],"non-zero":[224],"wavelength,":[225],"not":[226],"zero-wavelength.":[228],"calcium":[232],"fluoride":[233],"fused":[235],"silica":[236],"elements,":[238],"zero-crossing":[240],"always":[243],"modulator":[254,308],"strongly":[255],"absorbs":[256],"incident":[258],"radiation,":[259],"less":[264],"than":[265],"longest-wavelength":[267],"apparent":[268],"resonance":[269],"deduced":[270],"from":[271],"experimental":[272,317],"values":[273],"fit":[278],"Sellmeier":[281],"equation.":[282],"Using":[283],"model":[285],"relates":[287],"indices":[290],"stressed":[293],"its":[301],"unstressed":[302],"state,":[303],"expression":[305],"control":[309],"was":[311],"derived":[312],"closely":[314],"fits":[315],"data.":[318],"This":[319],"result":[320],"provides":[321,334],"theoretical":[323,335],"rational":[324],"apparently":[327],"constant-phase":[329],"programming":[330],"voltage,":[331],"thus":[333],"backing":[336],"calibration":[339,352],"procedure":[340],"frequently":[341],"used":[342],"these":[344],"modulators.":[345],"Other":[346],"factors":[347],"influence":[350],"modulator,":[356],"including":[357],"temperature":[358],"atmospheric":[360],"pressure,":[361],"discussed":[363],"briefly.":[364]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}
