{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2492573640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","title":"Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain","display_name":"Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2492573640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","mag":"2492573640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w8080322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/8/322/pdf?version=1469785881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/8/322/pdf?version=1469785881","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040152417","display_name":"Enoch Owusu\u2010Sekyere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-5064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-5064"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enoch Owusu-Sekyere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-5064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058366227","display_name":"Morn\u00e9 Erwin Scheepers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morn\u00e9 Scheepers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051651557","display_name":"Henry Jordaan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-1727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-1727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Jordaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-1727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040152417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":3.0678,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89636454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"322","last_page":"322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11259","display_name":"Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact","score":0.03139999881386757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12724","display_name":"Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies","score":0.01759999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-footprint","display_name":"water footprint","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-production","display_name":"milk production","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-value-chain","display_name":"dairy value chain","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-water","display_name":"green water","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-water","display_name":"blue water","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-production","display_name":"feed production","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactating-dairy-cows","display_name":"lactating dairy cows","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-scarcity","display_name":"water scarcity","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation","display_name":"irrigation","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorghum","display_name":"sorghum","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alfalfa","display_name":"alfalfa","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oat","display_name":"oat","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-policy","display_name":"water policy","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.5350000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149207113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534","display_name":"Water use","level":2,"score":0.7498364448547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.634128987789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.48985931277275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.4696117043495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176205827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5435593","display_name":"Farm water","level":4,"score":0.45312100648880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51193700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358","display_name":"Water scarcity","level":3,"score":0.41714489459991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.3875434398651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.38378429412841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110158866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462136","display_name":"Water conservation","level":3,"score":0.37785470485687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.35557228326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.332395076751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2415349781513214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.240733802318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1553913950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.08185067772865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07693237066268921}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w8080322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/8/322/pdf?version=1469785881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64d215eb9a374447aac6443d17071ec7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64d215eb9a374447aac6443d17071ec7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water, Vol 8, Iss 8, p 322 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w8080322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/8/322/pdf?version=1469785881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.6618000268936157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322639","display_name":"Water Research Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/02qv02186"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2492573640.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2492573640.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546731787","https://openalex.org/W1986286171","https://openalex.org/W1992011410","https://openalex.org/W2001413179","https://openalex.org/W2008790094","https://openalex.org/W2017168088","https://openalex.org/W2040598634","https://openalex.org/W2047635284","https://openalex.org/W2088490745","https://openalex.org/W2095290807","https://openalex.org/W2100016968","https://openalex.org/W2102287697","https://openalex.org/W2107441710","https://openalex.org/W2115188545","https://openalex.org/W2135034890","https://openalex.org/W2142316123","https://openalex.org/W2148333466","https://openalex.org/W2153745732","https://openalex.org/W2226201744","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4391474014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995434849","https://openalex.org/W191452248","https://openalex.org/W2390770846","https://openalex.org/W1991574878","https://openalex.org/W1976738883","https://openalex.org/W4385143521","https://openalex.org/W4251218297","https://openalex.org/W2971557648","https://openalex.org/W2898966900","https://openalex.org/W4389623029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14,40,65,85],"current":[1],"water":[2,20,36,47,66,81,86,104,114,125,134,159,177,191,206,257,286],"scarcity":[3],"situation":[4],"in":[5,27,34,62,68,138,164,227,240,259,283],"South":[6,28,63,139,165],"Africa":[7,29],"is":[8,48,94,233,245],"a":[9],"threat":[10],"to":[11,50,131,172,182,185,202,217,263],"sustainable":[12],"development.":[13],"present":[15],"paper":[16],"has":[17],"assessed":[18],"the":[19,31,35,79,112,128,132,157,210,228,241,251,260,268],"footprint":[21,37,82,87,105,115,135,160],"of":[22,46,54,78,83,88,100,111,116,156,161,267,270,272,285],"milk":[23,55,136,162,211],"produced":[24],"and":[25,59,123,149,179,196,204,214,222,256,275,280],"processed":[26],"using":[30],"procedures":[32],"outlined":[33],"assessment":[38],"manual.":[39],"results":[41],"show":[42],"that":[43,99],"1352":[44],"m3":[45],"required":[49],"produce":[51],"one":[52],"tonne":[53],"with":[56,175,189],"4%":[57],"fat":[58],"3.3%":[60],"protein":[61],"Africa.":[64,140,166],"used":[67,142],"producing":[69],"feed":[70,89,117,144,173],"for":[71,76,91,107,119,143,146,153,238,253],"lactating":[72,92,120,148],"cows":[73,93,151],"alone":[74],"accounts":[75,106,152],"86.35%":[77],"total":[80,113,133,158],"milk.":[84],"ration":[90,118,188],"about":[95,154],"85%":[96],"higher":[97],"than":[98,109],"non-lactating":[101,150],"cows.":[102,121],"Green":[103,122],"more":[108],"86%":[110],"blue":[124,205],"footprints":[126,178],"are":[127],"highest":[129],"contributors":[130],"production":[137,145,163,224,237,278],"Water":[141,193],"both":[147],"99%":[155],"Particular":[167],"attention":[168,201],"should":[169,199],"be":[170],"given":[171],"crops":[174],"low":[176,190],"high":[180],"contribution":[181],"dry":[183],"matter":[184],"provide":[186,250],"balanced":[187],"footprint.":[192],"users,":[194],"managers":[195],"livestock":[197],"producers":[198,255],"pay":[200],"green":[203],"consumption":[207],"activities":[208],"along":[209],"value":[212],"chain":[213],"design":[215],"strategies":[216],"minimize":[218],"them.":[219],"Corn,":[220],"sorghum":[221],"lucerne":[223],"under":[225],"irrigation":[226],"greater":[229],"Orange":[230],"River":[231],"basin":[232],"sustainable,":[234],"whereas":[235],"oats":[236],"silage":[239],"same":[242],"catchment":[243],"area":[244],"not":[246],"sustainable.":[247],"Our":[248],"findings":[249],"rationale":[252],"dairy":[254,261],"users":[258],"industry":[262],"get":[264],"an":[265],"understanding":[266],"degree":[269],"sustainability":[271],"their":[273],"input":[274],"output":[276],"combinations,":[277],"choices,":[279],"policy":[281],"interventions,":[282],"terms":[284],"use.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}