{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2490549503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","title":"Models in Physical Geography","display_name":"Models in Physical Geography","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2490549503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","mag":"2490549503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Horizons in Physical Geography","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W586849744","display_name":"Horizons in Physical Geography"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063594028","display_name":"Mike J. Kirkby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-1770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-1770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. J. Kirkby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor of Physical Geography,\n        University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Physical Geography,\n        University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063594028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19101124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"47","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.8848000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.8848000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12577","display_name":"Geography and Environmental Studies","score":0.08940000087022781,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12343","display_name":"Geography Education and Pedagogy","score":0.015200000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantitative-model","display_name":"quantitative model","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-simulation","display_name":"computer simulation","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-forecasting","display_name":"numerical forecasting","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-theories","display_name":"physical theories","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7663599252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5845528244972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5367063283920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4619055390357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4406232237815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3765098452568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33567506074905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27510976791381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27095186710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09785187244415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08868685364723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18944-1_4","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Horizons in Physical Geography","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501791148","https://openalex.org/W2006077758","https://openalex.org/W2330532783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2589077059","https://openalex.org/W2371862878","https://openalex.org/W4302373437","https://openalex.org/W2264804063","https://openalex.org/W583194432","https://openalex.org/W2996001520","https://openalex.org/W2970503379","https://openalex.org/W353645844","https://openalex.org/W2912915624","https://openalex.org/W53688207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Twenty":[0],"years":[1],"after":[2],"the":[3,8,20,29,35,70,84,97,170],"pioneering":[4],"attempts":[5],"to":[6,18,27,112,163],"popularise":[7],"use":[9],"of":[10,34,45,54,96,144],"models":[11,98,124],"in":[12,66,69,81,105,130],"physical":[13,101,165],"geography,":[14],"it":[15,72,87],"is":[16,39,79],"helpful":[17],"review":[19],"progress":[21],"that":[22],"has":[23,58,73],"been":[24,59],"made":[25],"and":[26,32,92,108,116,135,160],"consider":[28],"ever-widening":[30],"scope":[31],"value":[33],"technique.":[36],"A":[37],"model":[38,56,78],"considered":[40],"here":[41],"as":[42],"any":[43,150],"abstraction":[44],"reality.":[46],"Davis\u2019s":[47],"geographical":[48],"cycle":[49],"provides":[50],"an":[51],"obvious":[52],"example":[53],"a":[55,77,153],"which":[57,155],"highly":[60],"influential,":[61],"though":[62],"not":[63],"itself":[64],"quantitative":[65,80,106,123],"content":[67],"or":[68,132,167],"insights":[71,85],"provided.":[74],"Even":[75],"if":[76],"its":[82],"content,":[83],"from":[86,157],"may":[88,109,147],"be":[89,110],"essentially":[90],"qualitative,":[91],"vice-versa.":[93],"Nevertheless,":[94],"many":[95],"used":[99,111],"by":[100],"geographers":[102],"are":[103,118,127],"expressed":[104,129],"terms":[107,134],"give":[113],"numerical":[114],"forecasts,":[115],"we":[117],"mainly":[119],"concerned":[120],"with":[121],"such":[122],"here.":[125],"They":[126],"usually":[128],"mathematical":[131],"logical":[133],"often":[136],"implemented":[137],"through":[138],"computer":[139],"simulations.":[140],"On":[141],"this":[142],"view":[143],"models,":[145],"they":[146],"lie":[148],"at":[149,169],"point":[151],"on":[152],"continuum":[154],"stretches":[156],"newly":[158],"formed":[159],"untested":[161],"hypotheses":[162],"established":[164],"theories":[166],"laws":[168],"other.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}