{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2490337678","doi":null,"title":"Should socioeconomic factors be considered as traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as confounders, or as risk modifiers?","display_name":"Should socioeconomic factors be considered as traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as confounders, or as risk modifiers?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2490337678","mag":"2490337678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:149361","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/149361/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine , 13 (2) pp. 3-19. (2008)","raw_type":"Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090439073","display_name":"Roberto De Vogli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4708-1429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4708-1429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166182418","display_name":"Medical University of Silesia","ror":"https://ror.org/005k7hp45","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166182418"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto De Vogli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical University of Silesia in Katowice"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4708-1429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166182418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074409311","display_name":"Michael Gideon Marmot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2431-6419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2431-6419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166182418","display_name":"Medical University of Silesia","ror":"https://ror.org/005k7hp45","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166182418"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Marmot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical University of Silesia in Katowice"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2431-6419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166182418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166182418"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72570579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"103","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.6083999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.6083999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13522","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors","score":0.3594000041484833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-factors","display_name":"socioeconomic factors","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease","display_name":"cardiovascular disease","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-risk-factors","display_name":"traditional risk factors","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-modifiers","display_name":"risk modifiers","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemiology-of-heart-disease","display_name":"epidemiology of heart disease","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk","display_name":"cardiovascular risk","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.9331951141357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8352189660072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.7969214916229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.7048964500427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.575448215007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137627325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156318","display_name":"Etiology","level":2,"score":0.5164130330085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.5064753293991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5050435662269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780074459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735","display_name":"Heart disease","level":2,"score":0.42067164182662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.34778067469596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3315896987915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1549123227596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1419353187084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.07046714425086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:149361","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/149361/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine , 13 (2) pp. 3-19. (2008)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:9974","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/9974/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine , 13 (2) pp. 3-19. (2008)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:2490337678","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/9974/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764896442","display_name":"Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"1272-9949","issn":["1272-9949","2608-3515"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9412579","https://openalex.org/W133002068","https://openalex.org/W1586699954","https://openalex.org/W1930168886","https://openalex.org/W1985967126","https://openalex.org/W1993193423","https://openalex.org/W1997004671","https://openalex.org/W1998234914","https://openalex.org/W2013444603","https://openalex.org/W2018753666","https://openalex.org/W2065703685","https://openalex.org/W2084250985","https://openalex.org/W2089866062","https://openalex.org/W2100346673","https://openalex.org/W2101613925","https://openalex.org/W2111525459","https://openalex.org/W2126477578","https://openalex.org/W2128300830","https://openalex.org/W2155121555","https://openalex.org/W2165884492","https://openalex.org/W2320856221","https://openalex.org/W2330716957","https://openalex.org/W2332432768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6996582672","https://openalex.org/W6996715028","https://openalex.org/W4362560740","https://openalex.org/W7097795093","https://openalex.org/W3047225689","https://openalex.org/W2805388593","https://openalex.org/W2584341620","https://openalex.org/W1988005215","https://openalex.org/W4229459386","https://openalex.org/W1552005186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"large":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,26,76,82,108],"studies":[4],"show":[5],"\\nthat":[6],"cardiovascular":[7,27],"disease":[8,91,119],"and":[9,93,114],"its":[10],"\\ntraditional":[11],"risk":[12,55],"factors":[13,41,48],"are":[14,102],"associated":[15],"\\nwith":[16],"socioeconomic":[17,40,100],"conditions.":[18],"\\nHowever,":[19],"their":[20,83],"etiological":[21],"role":[22],"in":[23],"\\nthe":[24],"development":[25],"\\noutcomes":[28],"is":[29,37],"not":[30],"always":[31],"well":[32],"understood.":[33],"\\nIn":[34],"particular,":[35],"it":[36],"unclear":[38],"\\nwhether":[39],"\\nshould":[42],"be":[43],"considered":[44],"as":[45,51,54],"traditional":[46],"\\nrisk":[47],"for":[49,68,112],"CVD,":[50],"confounders,":[52],"\\nor":[53],"modifiers.":[56],"In":[57],"\\nthis":[58],"article,":[59],"after":[60],"examining":[61],"whether":[62],"\\nsocioeconomic":[63],"conditions":[64],"meet":[65],"the":[66,69,80,87,103,106],"\\ncriteria":[67],"three":[70],"definitions,":[71],"\\nwe":[72],"argue":[73,97],"that":[74,99],"none":[75],"them":[77],"fully":[78],"\\ncaptures":[79],"complexity":[81],"contribution":[84],"\\nin":[85],"shaping":[86],"epidemic":[88],"\\nof":[89,105],"heart":[90,109,118],"across":[92],"within":[94],"\\nsocieties.":[95],"We":[96],"instead":[98],"\\nfactors":[101],"\u201ccauses":[104],"causes\u201d":[107],"disease.":[110],"\\nImplications":[111],"research":[113],"interventions":[115],"\\nto":[116],"reduce":[117],"\\nare":[120],"discussed.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}