{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2489112889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","title":"Industries, trade, and wages","display_name":"Industries, trade, and wages","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2489112889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","mag":"2489112889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Understanding American Economic Decline","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W106292893","display_name":"Understanding American Economic Decline"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069636051","display_name":"James Kenneth Galbraith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-176X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-176X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James K. Galbraith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031386535","display_name":"Paulo Carlos Du Pin Calmon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-9564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-9564"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Du Pin Calmon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9027,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97921412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"161","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-inequality","display_name":"wage inequality","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-distribution","display_name":"income distribution","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment-and-earnings","display_name":"educational attainment and earnings","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deindustrialization","display_name":"deindustrialization","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-deficit","display_name":"trade deficit","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity-growth","display_name":"productivity growth","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-characteristics","display_name":"employee characteristics","score":0.3160000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780083220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5909102","display_name":"Deindustrialization","level":2,"score":0.8361989259719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7069240212440491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.596847653388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.5905942916870117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5390329957008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5200952291488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459318","display_name":"Americanization","level":2,"score":0.5096147060394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9992130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484954","display_name":"Pessimism","level":2,"score":0.4280732274055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.41234898567199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2155451476573944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.18162238597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10452514886856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174169.009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Understanding American Economic Decline","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097517223","https://openalex.org/W4242027178","https://openalex.org/W1593941159","https://openalex.org/W7100024881","https://openalex.org/W3123525284","https://openalex.org/W1535681337","https://openalex.org/W1596462243","https://openalex.org/W67409044","https://openalex.org/W3165003653","https://openalex.org/W2075327696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whether":[0],"the":[1,51,60,94,106,118,140,169,172],"American":[2,80],"economy":[3],"as":[4,45],"a":[5,14,69],"whole":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"declining":[9],"is,":[10],"perhaps,":[11],"more":[12,100],"of":[13,55,96,132,142,148,161,174,181,190],"political":[15],"than":[16,156],"an":[17,130],"analytical":[18],"question.":[19],"Pessimists":[20],"point":[21,38],"to":[22,39,59,68,105,122,154,157],"budget":[23],"deficits,":[24,26],"trade":[25],"slow":[27],"measured":[28],"productivity":[29],"growth,":[30],"job":[31],"loss,":[32],"and":[33,50,82,115,127,176,188],"\u201cdeindustrialization.\u201d":[34],"Optimists":[35],"however":[36],"can":[37,76],"emerging":[40],"technologies,":[41],"strong":[42],"aggregate":[43],"growth":[44],"compared":[46],"with,":[47],"say,":[48],"Europe,":[49],"continuing":[52],"market":[53],"test":[54],"demand":[56],"for":[57,71,129],"immigration":[58],"United":[61],"States.":[62],"There":[63],"is":[64,152],"no":[65,73],"simple":[66,74],"answer":[67],"question":[70],"which":[72],"metric":[75],"exist.":[77],"Unquestionably,":[78],"though,":[79],"society":[81],"economic":[83],"life":[84],"are":[85],"changing.":[86],"One":[87],"change":[88,134],"particularly":[89],"stands":[90],"out:":[91],"after":[92],"1980":[93],"distribution":[95,141],"income":[97],"became":[98],"much":[99],"unequal.":[101],"Tax":[102],"reductions":[103],"skewed":[104],"wealthy,":[107],"high":[108,184],"interest":[109],"rates,":[110],"cuts":[111],"in":[112,135,139,167],"government":[113],"services,":[114],"recessions":[116],"affecting":[117],"poor":[119],"all":[120],"contributed":[121],"this":[123],"change.":[124],"But":[125],"so,":[126],"importantly":[128],"understanding":[131],"industrial":[133,143],"America,":[136],"did":[137],"changes":[138],"wage":[144,150,180],"income.":[145],"The":[146,178],"nature":[147],"changing":[149],"inequality":[151],"easier":[153],"describe":[155],"explain.":[158],"Numerous":[159],"studies":[160],"worker":[162],"characteristics":[163],"have":[164],"shown":[165],"that,":[166],"general,":[168],"1980s":[170],"reinforced":[171],"association":[173],"education":[175],"earnings.":[177],"relative":[179],"workers":[182],"with":[183],"educational":[185],"attainment":[186,194],"rose,":[187],"that":[189],"those":[191],"without":[192],"such":[193],"declined.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}