{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2486972958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","title":"Operant behavior","display_name":"Operant behavior","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2486972958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","mag":"2486972958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior and Learning","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297576238","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior and Learning"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009257418","display_name":"John E. R. Staddon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0205-5083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0205-5083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. E. R. Staddon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, North Carolina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009257418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07655039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"102","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.8827999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.8827999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.02070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-behavior","display_name":"operant behavior","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-f-skinner","display_name":"B. F. Skinner","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-directed-behavior","display_name":"goal-directed behavior","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflexes","display_name":"reflexes","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orienting","display_name":"orienting","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-gradients","display_name":"chemical gradients","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behaviorism","display_name":"behaviorism","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7268038988113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6289991140365601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83974742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179405","display_name":"Reflex","level":2,"score":0.537641704082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.4941160976886749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.41068220138549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37132275104522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3489627242088318}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139998369.006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior and Learning","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034651789","https://openalex.org/W4315777477","https://openalex.org/W4232347269","https://openalex.org/W4235809134","https://openalex.org/W3027572852","https://openalex.org/W343608220","https://openalex.org/W2265814409","https://openalex.org/W4251184398","https://openalex.org/W4256278702","https://openalex.org/W4248049135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"behavior":[1,13,27,54,77,142,157,169,182,229,249,257,273,292],"makes":[2,14],"sense":[3,16],"in":[4,17,84,94,132,158,240,250,329,375],"terms":[5,18,159,330],"of":[6,19,28,36,48,55,61,97,105,123,140,160,200,313,318,331,344,367,379],"the":[7,20,29,37,44,49,56,62,87,121,124,129,136,146,156,166,188,209,212,223,246,298,316,332,336],"events":[8,21],"that":[9,22,203,258,306,335],"precede":[10],"it;":[11],"other":[12,333],"more":[15],"follow":[23],"it.":[24],"Reflexes":[25],"are":[26,40,53,143,311],"first":[30],"kind.":[31,58],"The":[32,59,91,163,192],"type":[33,45],"and":[34,46,100,170,187,302,309,315,355],"vigor":[35],"reflex":[38],"response":[39,310,357],"closely":[41],"related":[42],"to":[43,67,71,86,196,233,262,288],"intensity":[47],"eliciting":[50,264],"stimulus.":[51,265],"Kineses":[52],"second":[57],"movement":[60,218],"orienting":[63],"bacterium":[64,125,213],"from":[65,103],"moment":[66,68],"is":[69,112,126,149,259,286,321,360],"unrelated":[70],"any":[72],"single":[73],"stimulus,":[74],"yet":[75],"its":[76,115,133,141,161,177,228],"as":[78,256,341],"a":[79,106,237,342,353,356,363],"whole":[80],"can":[81,152,279],"be":[82,234,280,327],"understood":[83],"relation":[85],"prevailing":[88],"chemical":[89,130,225],"gradient:":[90],"organisms":[92],"aggregate":[93],"high":[95],"concentrations":[96,104],"an":[98,197,206,263,322],"attractant":[99],"disperse":[101],"away":[102],"noxious":[107],"substance.":[108],"Behavior":[109,174],"like":[110],"this":[111],"guided":[113,175,235],"by":[114,128,176,183,236,254,297,362],"consequences":[116,178],":":[117],"Under":[118],"normal":[119],"conditions,":[120],"location":[122],"determined":[127],"gradients":[131],"environment.":[134,210],"Because":[135],"antecedent":[137],"(proximal)":[138],"causes":[139,352],"many":[144],"but":[145,373],"final":[147],"cause":[148],"one,":[150],"we":[151],"most":[153],"simply":[154],"describe":[155],"outcome:":[162],"bug":[164],"finds":[165],"food.":[167],"Operant":[168],"B.":[171,184],"F.":[172,185],"Skinner":[173,239,304],"was":[179],"called":[180],"operant":[181,194,248],"Skinner,":[186],"term":[189,247],"has":[190,205,219,244],"stuck.":[191],"word":[193],"refers":[195],"essential":[198],"property":[199],"goal-directed":[201],"behavior:":[202],"it":[204,285],"effect":[207,221],"on":[208,222],"If":[211],"cannot":[214],"move,":[215],"or":[216],"if":[217,268],"no":[220],"organism's":[224],"environment,":[226],"then":[227],"will":[230],"not":[231,260,269],"appear":[232],"goal.":[238],"his":[241],"various":[242],"writings":[243],"used":[245],"three":[251],"senses:":[252],"(a)":[253],"exclusion,":[255],"tied":[261],"It":[266],"is,":[267,374],"spontaneous,":[270],"at":[271],"least":[272],"for":[274],"which":[275,351,359],"\u201c\u2026no":[276],"correlated":[277],"stimulus":[278,301,308,348],"detected":[281],"upon":[282],"occasions":[283],"when":[284],"observed":[287],"occur.\u201d":[289],"(b)":[290],"As":[291],"involving":[293],"units,":[294],"operants,":[295],"defined":[296,328],"correlation":[299],"between":[300],"response.":[303],"argued":[305],"both":[307],"classes":[312],"events,":[314],"definition":[317,369],"each":[319],"class":[320],"empirical":[323],"matter:":[324],"Each":[325],"should":[326],"so":[334],"elements":[337],"show":[338],"\u201corderly":[339],"changes\u201d":[340],"function":[343],"relevant":[345],"variables.":[346],"A":[347],"becomes":[349],"\u201cthat":[350,358],"response,\u201d":[354],"caused":[361],"stimulus.\u201d":[364],"This":[365],"kind":[366],"bootstrap":[368],"may":[370],"seem":[371],"peculiar":[372],"fact,":[376],"quite":[377],"characteristic":[378],"scientific":[380],"theory":[381],"generally.":[382]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}
