{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2483469717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026543","title":"Titanosaurs and the origin of \u201cwide-gauge\u201d trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion","display_name":"Titanosaurs and the origin of \u201cwide-gauge\u201d trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2483469717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026543","mag":"2483469717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0094837300026543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173708173","display_name":"Paleobiology","issn_l":"0094-8373","issn":["0094-8373","1938-5331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Paleobiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111469920","display_name":"Jeffrey A. Wilson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey A. Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East Fifty-seventh Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East Fifty-seventh Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056967572","display_name":"Matthew T. Carrano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2129-1612","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2129-1612"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew T. Carrano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East Fifty-seventh Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East Fifty-seventh Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7675,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":333,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93971344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"252","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10109","display_name":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titanosaurs","display_name":"titanosaurs","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sauropod-locomotion","display_name":"sauropod locomotion","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sauropod-trackways","display_name":"sauropod trackways","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hind-leg-morphology","display_name":"hind leg morphology","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synapomorphies","display_name":"synapomorphies","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipedal-stance","display_name":"bipedal stance","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locomotor-biomechanics","display_name":"locomotion biomechanics","score":0.8339999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C532751654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2535935","display_name":"Terrestrial locomotion","level":2,"score":0.6505641341209412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777014788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6753190","display_name":"Manus","level":2,"score":0.6343690156936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.49375924468040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170700871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193378","display_name":"Biomechanics","level":2,"score":0.4337216913700104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.4312552809715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186847809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853800","display_name":"Ichnology","level":3,"score":0.4111436605453491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4018544554710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.38380616903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160937034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853800","display_name":"Trace fossil","level":2,"score":0.11889433860778809}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0094837300026543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173708173","display_name":"Paleobiology","issn_l":"0094-8373","issn":["0094-8373","1938-5331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Paleobiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doc.rero.ch:20091210001504-ZZ","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14159/files/PAL_E1362.pdf","pdf_url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14159/files/PAL_E1362.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400148","display_name":"reroDoc Digital Library","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6049286","https://openalex.org/W10840385","https://openalex.org/W39955589","https://openalex.org/W581267017","https://openalex.org/W586358915","https://openalex.org/W599721967","https://openalex.org/W627306819","https://openalex.org/W1559069676","https://openalex.org/W1758310936","https://openalex.org/W1972669630","https://openalex.org/W1981694118","https://openalex.org/W1984478123","https://openalex.org/W1992071621","https://openalex.org/W1997933644","https://openalex.org/W2001793234","https://openalex.org/W2004909155","https://openalex.org/W2012930778","https://openalex.org/W2014745784","https://openalex.org/W2020046017","https://openalex.org/W2023191835","https://openalex.org/W2026763967","https://openalex.org/W2050379726","https://openalex.org/W2052779339","https://openalex.org/W2055083286","https://openalex.org/W2057385043","https://openalex.org/W2062563855","https://openalex.org/W2072749163","https://openalex.org/W2080503197","https://openalex.org/W2199482022","https://openalex.org/W2271526187","https://openalex.org/W2331587062","https://openalex.org/W2534672962","https://openalex.org/W2796191597","https://openalex.org/W2798232324","https://openalex.org/W3009764212","https://openalex.org/W3081581194","https://openalex.org/W3090377025","https://openalex.org/W3158295341","https://openalex.org/W3215902281","https://openalex.org/W4231375646","https://openalex.org/W6600252085","https://openalex.org/W6618102089","https://openalex.org/W7062810983","https://openalex.org/W7066131444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7025046143","https://openalex.org/W6987125914","https://openalex.org/W2609968191","https://openalex.org/W2021628750","https://openalex.org/W2889133845","https://openalex.org/W2899993687","https://openalex.org/W4214847519","https://openalex.org/W2913367698","https://openalex.org/W3091427146","https://openalex.org/W2095527704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Two":[1],"major":[2],"ichnotypes":[3],"of":[4,43,58,76,114,149,159,167,175,196,202,245],"sauropod":[5,150],"trackways":[6,184],"have":[7,214],"been":[8],"described:":[9],"\u201cnarrow-gauge,\u201d":[10],"in":[11,26,45,60,70,120,200,239],"which":[12,27],"both":[13],"manus":[14],"and":[15,24,73,97,103,128,140,172,189,230],"pes":[16],"prints":[17,29],"approach":[18],"or":[19,49],"intersect":[20],"the":[21,34,41,52,56,74,106,111,165,187],"trackway":[22],"midline,":[23],"\u201cwide-gauge,\u201d":[25],"these":[28,155,204],"are":[30,157,190,198],"well":[31],"apart":[32],"from":[33,100],"midline.":[35],"This":[36],"gauge":[37,95],"disparity":[38],"could":[39,132],"be":[40],"result":[42],"differences":[44,79,96],"behavior,":[46,72],"body":[47],"size,":[48],"morphology":[50,91,113,152],"between":[51,80,227],"respective":[53],"trackmakers.":[54,116,208],"However,":[55],"biomechanics":[57,102],"locomotion":[59],"large":[61],"terrestrial":[62],"vertebrates":[63],"suggest":[64,210],"that":[65,89,154,162,211,233],"sauropods":[66,238],"were":[67,164,235],"probably":[68],"restricted":[69],"locomotor":[71,101,246],"lack":[75],"systematic":[77],"size":[78],"footprint":[81],"gauges":[82],"argues":[83],"against":[84],"body-size-related":[85],"influences.":[86],"We":[87,209],"argue":[88],"skeletal":[90],"is":[92,177],"responsible":[93],"for":[94],"integrate":[98],"data":[99],"systematics":[104,231],"with":[105,179],"track":[107],"record":[108],"to":[109],"predict":[110],"hindlimb":[112,129,151],"wide-gauge":[115,168,183,207],"Broader":[117],"foot":[118],"stances":[119],"large,":[121],"graviportal":[122],"animals":[123,205],"entail":[124],"predictable":[125],"mechanical":[126],"consequences":[127],"modifications.":[130],"These":[131,225],"include":[133],"outwardly":[134],"angled":[135],"femora,":[136],"offset":[137],"knee":[138],"condyles,":[139],"a":[141,216,241],"more":[142,219,242],"eccentric":[143],"femoral":[144],"midshaft":[145],"cross-section.":[146],"A":[147],"survey":[148],"reveals":[153],"features":[156],"synapomorphies":[158,195],"titanosaurs,":[160],"suggesting":[161],"they":[163],"makers":[166],"trackways.":[169],"The":[170],"temporal":[171],"geographic":[173],"distribution":[174],"titanosaurs":[176,197,212,234],"consistent":[178],"this":[180],"hypothesis":[181],"because":[182],"predominate":[185],"during":[186],"Cretaceous":[188],"found":[191],"worldwide.":[192],"Additional":[193],"appendicular":[194],"interpreted":[199],"light":[201],"identifying":[203],"as":[206],"may":[213],"used":[215],"bipedal":[217],"stance":[218],"frequently":[220],"than":[221],"did":[222],"other":[223],"sauropods.":[224],"correlations":[226],"ichnology,":[228],"biomechanics,":[229],"imply":[232],"unique":[236],"among":[237],"having":[240],"varied":[243],"repertoire":[244],"habits.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}