{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2476145152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","title":"The economic and social history of Former Han","display_name":"The economic and social history of Former Han","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2476145152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","mag":"2476145152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cambridge History of China","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211238990","display_name":"The Cambridge History of China"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037364267","display_name":"Nishijima Sadao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nishijima Sadao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037364267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19865212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"545","last_page":"607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10893","display_name":"Chinese history and philosophy","score":0.5268999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10893","display_name":"Chinese history and philosophy","score":0.5268999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.4357999861240387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10628","display_name":"China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/han-dynasty","display_name":"Han dynasty","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-history","display_name":"economic history","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-history","display_name":"social history","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-china","display_name":"ancient China","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liu-bang","display_name":"Liu Bang","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qin-dynasty","display_name":"Qin dynasty","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wang-mang","display_name":"Wang Mang","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/huai-river","display_name":"Huai River","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centralized-state","display_name":"centralized state","score":0.47099998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7879757881164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838811","display_name":"Peasant","level":2,"score":0.7431492209434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349","display_name":"Empire","level":2,"score":0.7109972238540649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018003528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5413","display_name":"Yangtze river","level":3,"score":0.6063650846481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5167474150657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5046905279159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.48104193806648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4767352342605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991744964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2827190","display_name":"Chinese agriculture","level":3,"score":0.45407354831695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.45285868644714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.45143067836761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.3756568431854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3374346196651459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.18027836084365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1484604775905609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.12311744689941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521243278.012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cambridge History of China","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.4699999988079071}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":212,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3774834","https://openalex.org/W98461711","https://openalex.org/W136044500","https://openalex.org/W429560545","https://openalex.org/W567390014","https://openalex.org/W567725655","https://openalex.org/W568614883","https://openalex.org/W578499387","https://openalex.org/W623618948","https://openalex.org/W632754047","https://openalex.org/W659386254","https://openalex.org/W853937274","https://openalex.org/W1481137394","https://openalex.org/W1507750352","https://openalex.org/W1522836631","https://openalex.org/W1581908794","https://openalex.org/W1594839703","https://openalex.org/W1602233834","https://openalex.org/W1606861814","https://openalex.org/W1963959707","https://openalex.org/W1964870163","https://openalex.org/W1969801077","https://openalex.org/W1971665147","https://openalex.org/W1975181248","https://openalex.org/W1979933269","https://openalex.org/W1984120949","https://openalex.org/W1987671370","https://openalex.org/W1989347857","https://openalex.org/W1991165940","https://openalex.org/W1991478984","https://openalex.org/W1992422779","https://openalex.org/W1992669623","https://openalex.org/W2000310047","https://openalex.org/W2000518040","https://openalex.org/W2002320126","https://openalex.org/W2002462562","https://openalex.org/W2004679316","https://openalex.org/W2005834498","https://openalex.org/W2009718914","https://openalex.org/W2009775463","https://openalex.org/W2009967308","https://openalex.org/W2012115031","https://openalex.org/W2013909025","https://openalex.org/W2014828154","https://openalex.org/W2015918360","https://openalex.org/W2016235714","https://openalex.org/W2016458429","https://openalex.org/W2016569353","https://openalex.org/W2016774038","https://openalex.org/W2018741664","https://openalex.org/W2027377939","https://openalex.org/W2031130474","https://openalex.org/W2031720029","https://openalex.org/W2033591508","https://openalex.org/W2034248695","https://openalex.org/W2036354649","https://openalex.org/W2040163188","https://openalex.org/W2042146725","https://openalex.org/W2045309145","https://openalex.org/W2048835904","https://openalex.org/W2050137558","https://openalex.org/W2053322655","https://openalex.org/W2053973876","https://openalex.org/W2053979608","https://openalex.org/W2054064129","https://openalex.org/W2060125949","https://openalex.org/W2063018781","https://openalex.org/W2063733764","https://openalex.org/W2065201783","https://openalex.org/W2069675679","https://openalex.org/W2070514977","https://openalex.org/W2070989974","https://openalex.org/W2071038472","https://openalex.org/W2071202322","https://openalex.org/W2077169051","https://openalex.org/W2077472350","https://openalex.org/W2078183645","https://openalex.org/W2081439115","https://openalex.org/W2087094887","https://openalex.org/W2087316490","https://openalex.org/W2090042941","https://openalex.org/W2094289244","https://openalex.org/W2095032544","https://openalex.org/W2095503197","https://openalex.org/W2097909748","https://openalex.org/W2099517891","https://openalex.org/W2109934398","https://openalex.org/W2111111696","https://openalex.org/W2114730671","https://openalex.org/W2115780543","https://openalex.org/W2116651388","https://openalex.org/W2117779380","https://openalex.org/W2126488409","https://openalex.org/W2139764670","https://openalex.org/W2143074153","https://openalex.org/W2147376612","https://openalex.org/W2149687661","https://openalex.org/W2150085021","https://openalex.org/W2163751881","https://openalex.org/W2192016747","https://openalex.org/W2210429208","https://openalex.org/W2262178137","https://openalex.org/W2280233377","https://openalex.org/W2284415965","https://openalex.org/W2289864236","https://openalex.org/W2290555784","https://openalex.org/W2313380954","https://openalex.org/W2314111166","https://openalex.org/W2314434971","https://openalex.org/W2314518084","https://openalex.org/W2314685316","https://openalex.org/W2314789901","https://openalex.org/W2315386771","https://openalex.org/W2315900129","https://openalex.org/W2316895796","https://openalex.org/W2317152482","https://openalex.org/W2317236133","https://openalex.org/W2318059598","https://openalex.org/W2318436848","https://openalex.org/W2319161277","https://openalex.org/W2319197762","https://openalex.org/W2319641959","https://openalex.org/W2320687170","https://openalex.org/W2322157520","https://openalex.org/W2322572481","https://openalex.org/W2323226859","https://openalex.org/W2324544941","https://openalex.org/W2324611079","https://openalex.org/W2327317124","https://openalex.org/W2331532186","https://openalex.org/W2331677714","https://openalex.org/W2331864795","https://openalex.org/W2333742740","https://openalex.org/W2334178774","https://openalex.org/W2335083751","https://openalex.org/W2335680905","https://openalex.org/W2343910956","https://openalex.org/W2344895282","https://openalex.org/W2406280911","https://openalex.org/W2463352656","https://openalex.org/W2477034484","https://openalex.org/W2479881520","https://openalex.org/W2488100797","https://openalex.org/W2490476902","https://openalex.org/W2493462792","https://openalex.org/W2494332863","https://openalex.org/W2497633451","https://openalex.org/W2499544526","https://openalex.org/W2500487769","https://openalex.org/W2502393144","https://openalex.org/W2504111972","https://openalex.org/W2504449730","https://openalex.org/W2553772883","https://openalex.org/W2569075229","https://openalex.org/W2625682784","https://openalex.org/W2795713952","https://openalex.org/W2796486573","https://openalex.org/W2796657475","https://openalex.org/W2797087364","https://openalex.org/W2797177057","https://openalex.org/W2797483897","https://openalex.org/W2797520596","https://openalex.org/W2797641584","https://openalex.org/W2797668776","https://openalex.org/W2798145411","https://openalex.org/W2800306110","https://openalex.org/W2800397133","https://openalex.org/W2801277167","https://openalex.org/W2801495695","https://openalex.org/W2802602383","https://openalex.org/W2802862303","https://openalex.org/W2902312967","https://openalex.org/W2902893368","https://openalex.org/W2996605795","https://openalex.org/W3027482971","https://openalex.org/W3142992444","https://openalex.org/W3148261194","https://openalex.org/W3151524768","https://openalex.org/W3194438098","https://openalex.org/W3195087537","https://openalex.org/W3199221101","https://openalex.org/W3210927688","https://openalex.org/W3215216694","https://openalex.org/W3217810380","https://openalex.org/W4205098818","https://openalex.org/W4232856665","https://openalex.org/W4234057166","https://openalex.org/W4234342224","https://openalex.org/W4237547630","https://openalex.org/W4237884481","https://openalex.org/W4237962487","https://openalex.org/W4238310728","https://openalex.org/W4239693880","https://openalex.org/W4244591668","https://openalex.org/W4252345821","https://openalex.org/W4252706594","https://openalex.org/W4253834755","https://openalex.org/W4255793628","https://openalex.org/W4256412466","https://openalex.org/W4298358019","https://openalex.org/W4384882600","https://openalex.org/W4385539199","https://openalex.org/W4385539552","https://openalex.org/W4387691004","https://openalex.org/W4391868708","https://openalex.org/W6614471403","https://openalex.org/W6662758381","https://openalex.org/W6987150396","https://openalex.org/W6991395902","https://openalex.org/W7052760287","https://openalex.org/W7082734427","https://openalex.org/W7082822600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W394307589","https://openalex.org/W7145486897","https://openalex.org/W2579657508","https://openalex.org/W4243778500","https://openalex.org/W2353382389","https://openalex.org/W2360622779","https://openalex.org/W2371541920","https://openalex.org/W2365983694","https://openalex.org/W2502721636","https://openalex.org/W2042198734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"chapter":[1],"discusses":[2],"social":[3],"and":[4,63,87,114,123],"economic":[5],"conditions":[6],"in":[7,90,95,124,142],"China":[8],"under":[9],"the":[10,14,23,37,42,57,60,71,98,104,119,125,128,132,137],"Han":[11,54,75,133],"dynasty":[12,44],"when":[13],"unified,":[15],"centralized":[16],"state":[17],"that":[18,145],"had":[19,67],"been":[20,85],"achieved":[21],"by":[22,41,118,127],"short-lived":[24],"Ch'in":[25],"empire":[26,55],"was":[27,80,139],"consolidated":[28],"into":[29,109],"a":[30],"permanent":[31],"form":[32],"which":[33,66],"lasted-allowing":[34],"only":[35],"for":[36,48],"short":[38],"break":[39],"caused":[40],"Hsin":[43],"of":[45,59,81,93,100,102,146],"Wang":[46],"Mang,":[47],"some":[49],"four":[50],"centuries.":[51,73],"The":[52,74],"succeeding":[53],"inherited":[56],"results":[58],"social,":[61],"economic,":[62],"administrative":[64],"changes":[65],"taken":[68],"place":[69],"over":[70],"preceding":[72],"founder":[76],"Liu":[77],"Pang,":[78],"Kao-ti,":[79],"peasant":[82],"origins,":[83],"having":[84],"born":[86],"brought":[88],"up":[89],"Chung-yang":[91],"li":[92],"Feng-i":[94],"P'ei-hsien.":[96],"From":[97],"point":[99],"view":[101],"agriculture,":[103],"country":[105],"may":[106],"be":[107],"divided":[108],"two":[110],"main":[111],"regions,":[112],"north":[113,147],"south":[115],"China,":[116],"separated":[117],"eastward-flowing":[120],"Huai":[121],"River":[122],"west":[126],"Ch'in-ling":[129],"Mountains.":[130],"During":[131],"dynasty,":[134],"agriculture":[135],"along":[136],"Yangtze":[138],"greatly":[140],"inferior":[141],"productivity":[143],"to":[144],"China.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-08-23T00:00:00"}