{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2473696508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800332","title":"Christian Albert Theodor Billroth, M.D., Founding Father of Abdominal Surgery (1829\u20131894)","display_name":"Christian Albert Theodor Billroth, M.D., Founding Father of Abdominal Surgery (1829\u20131894)","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2473696508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800332","mag":"2473696508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22524762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/000313481207800332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113474406","display_name":"The American Surgeon","issn_l":"0003-1348","issn":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Surgeon\u2122","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049233408","display_name":"Zhi Ven Fong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-413X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-413X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149251103","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysqcn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Ven Fong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057922763","display_name":"Harish Lavu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8907-9242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8907-9242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149251103","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysqcn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harish Lavu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103500896","display_name":"Ernest L. Rosato","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149251103","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysqcn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest L. Rosato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025415933","display_name":"Charles J. Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8097-0071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8097-0071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149251103","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysqcn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles J. Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008697243","display_name":"Scott W. Cowan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4320-3935","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4320-3935"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149251103","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysqcn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott W. Cowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008697243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.1864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9853937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"3","first_page":"280","last_page":"281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6758000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6758000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13735","display_name":"History of Medical Practice","score":0.32199999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theodor-billroth","display_name":"Theodor Billroth","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-surgery","display_name":"history of surgery","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abdominal-surgery","display_name":"abdominal surgery","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-pioneers","display_name":"surgical pioneers","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-surgery","display_name":"19th-century surgery","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-resection","display_name":"surgical resection","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-sterilization","display_name":"surgical sterilization","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4818507432937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61434518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510","display_name":"General surgery","level":1,"score":0.46682828664779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3742322325706482}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005743","descriptor_name":"Gastrectomy","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013502","descriptor_name":"General Surgery","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013505","descriptor_name":"Digestive System Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/000313481207800332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113474406","display_name":"The American Surgeon","issn_l":"0003-1348","issn":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Surgeon\u2122","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22524762","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22524762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American surgeon","raw_type":"Biography"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jdc.jefferson.edu:gibbonsocietyprofiles-1030","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jdc.jefferson.edu/gibbonsocietyprofiles/12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178181","display_name":"The Medicine Forum","issn_l":"2325-2863","issn":["2325-2863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Surgery Gibbon Society Historical Profiles","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86058934","https://openalex.org/W1590410190","https://openalex.org/W2412512194","https://openalex.org/W2414527114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034791119","https://openalex.org/W2740508315","https://openalex.org/W4246671403","https://openalex.org/W1996286639","https://openalex.org/W189497355","https://openalex.org/W2788627130","https://openalex.org/W4406299650","https://openalex.org/W4402331671","https://openalex.org/W4386950104","https://openalex.org/W2073979857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,3,21,24,28,69,77],"1800s,":[2],"field":[4],"of":[5,18,30,71,79],"surgery":[6,19,31],"was":[7,20,36],"in":[8,46,68,76],"its":[9,80],"infancy,":[10],"somewhat":[11],"primitive":[12],"and":[13,32,44,58,82],"embryonic.":[14],"The":[15],"technical":[16],"nature":[17],"basis":[22],"for":[23],"dividing":[25],"line":[26],"between":[27],"disciplines":[29],"internal":[33],"medicine.":[34],"Sterilization":[35],"not":[37,66],"a":[38,64],"common":[39],"practice.":[40],"Radical":[41],"surgical":[42],"resections":[43],"experimentation":[45],"medicine":[47],"were":[48],"shunned.":[49],"With":[50],"his":[51,56],"boldness":[52],"equaled":[53],"only":[54,67],"by":[55],"innovation":[57],"resourcefulness,":[59],"Theodor":[60],"Billroth":[61],"would":[62],"become":[63],"pioneer":[65],"development":[70],"modern":[72],"surgery,":[73],"but":[74],"also":[75],"advancement":[78],"cultural":[81],"historical":[83],"significance.":[84]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}
