{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2472552336","doi":null,"title":"Local independence and residual covariance: a study of olympic figure skating ratings.","display_name":"Local independence and residual covariance: a study of olympic figure skating ratings.","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2472552336","mag":"2472552336","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19564696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:19564696","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19564696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied measurement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108446909","display_name":"John Michael Linacre","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M Linacre","raw_affiliation_strings":["14525 SW Millikan Way, #27615, Beaverton, OR 97005-2343, USA. john@winsteps.com","14525 SW Millikan Way, #27615, Beaverton, OR 97005-2343, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"14525 SW Millikan Way, #27615, Beaverton, OR 97005-2343, USA. john@winsteps.com","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"14525 SW Millikan Way, #27615, Beaverton, OR 97005-2343, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108446909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85084709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"157","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13359","display_name":"Sports Science and Education","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-independence","display_name":"local independence","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-covariance","display_name":"residual covariance","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rater-bias","display_name":"rater bias","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-item-functioning","display_name":"differential item functioning","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-bias","display_name":"measurement bias","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101266164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131821","display_name":"Rasch model","level":2,"score":0.9418649673461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.6046777367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.601902961730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5907483100891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156216132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17099642","display_name":"Local independence","level":4,"score":0.5899164080619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181447626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224359","display_name":"Differential item functioning","level":4,"score":0.5570265650749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5553038120269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5268396735191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.46121251583099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41523364186286926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37604451179504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3495611548423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.3126814365386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.22026431560516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12961599230766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000846","descriptor_name":"Anniversaries and Special Events","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005163","descriptor_name":"Factor Analysis, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012861","descriptor_name":"Skating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013177","descriptor_name":"Sports","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014589","descriptor_name":"Utah","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:19564696","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19564696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied measurement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2472552336","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19564696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42167148","https://openalex.org/W104653932","https://openalex.org/W131438708","https://openalex.org/W306109848","https://openalex.org/W648939978","https://openalex.org/W652101318","https://openalex.org/W1966382716","https://openalex.org/W2002336700","https://openalex.org/W2047524435","https://openalex.org/W2049261024","https://openalex.org/W2051039162","https://openalex.org/W2056894956","https://openalex.org/W2064973461","https://openalex.org/W2133097426","https://openalex.org/W2160172778","https://openalex.org/W2162729082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W62824808","https://openalex.org/W2258964774","https://openalex.org/W64172502","https://openalex.org/W2731818013","https://openalex.org/W1995361703","https://openalex.org/W9984432","https://openalex.org/W2768293547","https://openalex.org/W2996902614","https://openalex.org/W2355050875","https://openalex.org/W2329710600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rasch":[0,31,46,62],"fit":[1,9,14,130],"analysis":[2],"has":[3],"focused":[4],"on":[5],"tests":[6,11],"of":[7,12,15,27,48,71,116],"global":[8],"and":[10,51,55,132],"the":[13,34,45,67,78,91,95,101,114,122,128,140,150,162,166,183],"individual":[16],"parameter":[17],"estimates.":[18],"Critics":[19],"have":[20],"noted":[21],"that":[22,127,171],"slight,":[23],"but":[24,73],"pervasive,":[25,72],"patterns":[26,43,115],"misfit":[28,142],"to":[29,60,111,138],"a":[30,61],"model":[32,63],"within":[33,77],"data":[35],"may":[36,56,80],"escape":[37],"detection":[38],"using":[39,83],"these":[40,89],"approaches.":[41],"These":[42],"contradict":[44],"axiom":[47],"local":[49],"independence,":[50],"so":[52],"degrade":[53],"measurement":[54],"bias":[57,118,164],"measures.":[58],"Misfit":[59],"is":[64,110,125],"captured":[65],"in":[66,154],"observation":[68],"residuals.":[69],"Traces":[70],"faint,":[74],"secondary":[75],"dimensions":[76],"observations":[79],"be":[81,180],"identified":[82],"factor":[84],"analytic":[85,145,158],"techniques.":[86],"To":[87],"illustrate":[88],"techniques,":[90],"ratings":[92,185],"awarded":[93],"during":[94],"Pairs":[96],"Figure":[97],"Skating":[98],"competition":[99,151],"at":[100],"2002":[102],"Winter":[103],"Olympic":[104],"Games":[105],"are":[106,186],"examined.":[107],"The":[108],"intention":[109],"detect":[112,139,161],"analytically":[113],"rater":[117,163,173],"admitted":[119],"publicly":[120],"after":[121,165],"event.":[123],"It":[124],"seen":[126],"one-parameter-at-a-time":[129],"statistics":[131],"differential":[133],"item":[134],"functioning":[135],"approaches":[136],"fail":[137],"crucial":[141],"patterns.":[143],"Factor":[144,157],"methods":[146],"do.":[147],"In":[148],"fact,":[149],"was":[152],"held":[153],"two":[155],"stages.":[156],"techniques":[159],"already":[160],"first":[167],"stage.":[168],"This":[169],"suggests":[170],"remedial":[172],"retraining":[174],"or":[175],"other":[176],"rater-related":[177],"actions":[178],"could":[179],"taken":[181],"before":[182],"final":[184],"collected.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}