{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2467713067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","title":"Online Course-taking and Student Outcomes in California Community Colleges","display_name":"Online Course-taking and Student Outcomes in California Community Colleges","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2467713067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","mag":"2467713067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154498293","display_name":"Education Finance and Policy","issn_l":"1557-3060","issn":["1557-3060","1557-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Finance and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/ed-facarticles/228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002088204","display_name":"Cassandra M. D. Hart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-7891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-7891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cassandra M.D. Hart","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057811153","display_name":"Elizabeth Friedmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Friedmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027670726","display_name":"Michael Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7699-7095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7699-7095"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002088204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.0335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99602315,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-courses","display_name":"online courses","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-to-face-instruction","display_name":"face-to-face teaching","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-colleges","display_name":"community colleges","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-outcomes","display_name":"student outcomes","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-completion","display_name":"course completion","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-point-average","display_name":"grade point average","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-characteristics","display_name":"teacher characteristics","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-repetition","display_name":"course repetition","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california-community-college-system","display_name":"California Community College System","score":0.6489999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985172591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1336920","display_name":"Community college","level":2,"score":0.6433848738670349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986081426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Online course","level":2,"score":0.6366063952445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.5984334349632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5076018571853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4510679244995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.42239946126937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3843848705291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10015374422073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08627963066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154498293","display_name":"Education Finance and Policy","issn_l":"1557-3060","issn":["1557-3060","1557-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Finance and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:tpr:edfpol:v:13:y:2018:i:1:p:42-71","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/edfp_a_00218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlycommons.pacific.edu:ed-facarticles-1227","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/ed-facarticles/228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400314","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of the Pacific)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942576","host_organization_name":"University of the Pacific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942576"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Benerd College Faculty Articles","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlycommons.pacific.edu:ed-facarticles-1227","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/ed-facarticles/228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400314","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of the Pacific)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942576","host_organization_name":"University of the Pacific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942576"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Benerd College Faculty Articles","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7300000190734863}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92340455","https://openalex.org/W150699103","https://openalex.org/W301260778","https://openalex.org/W622869021","https://openalex.org/W1481927355","https://openalex.org/W1581457443","https://openalex.org/W1588928292","https://openalex.org/W1589633586","https://openalex.org/W1768830413","https://openalex.org/W1912661426","https://openalex.org/W1966730335","https://openalex.org/W1966980781","https://openalex.org/W1974590415","https://openalex.org/W2036308389","https://openalex.org/W2051736478","https://openalex.org/W2064278577","https://openalex.org/W2100673825","https://openalex.org/W2116580894","https://openalex.org/W2123552939","https://openalex.org/W2134565307","https://openalex.org/W2153163719","https://openalex.org/W2156600158","https://openalex.org/W2157002379","https://openalex.org/W2468298611","https://openalex.org/W2889559333","https://openalex.org/W3015321967","https://openalex.org/W3122912300","https://openalex.org/W4231735519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051736478","https://openalex.org/W92340455","https://openalex.org/W165033544","https://openalex.org/W217697873","https://openalex.org/W3197042053","https://openalex.org/W7100100727","https://openalex.org/W1486825972","https://openalex.org/W2184886596","https://openalex.org/W1567498578","https://openalex.org/W3094992516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"uses":[2],"fixed":[3,82],"effects":[4,103],"analyses":[5],"to":[6,110,119],"estimate":[7],"differences":[8,72],"in":[9,19,31,34,73,123],"student":[10],"performance":[11],"under":[12],"online":[13,32],"versus":[14],"face-to-face":[15],"course":[16,40,42],"delivery":[17],"formats":[18],"the":[20,37,78,90,124],"California":[21],"Community":[22],"College":[23],"system.":[24],"On":[25],"average,":[26],"students":[27],"have":[28],"poorer":[29],"outcomes":[30],"courses":[33,112,122,128],"terms":[35],"of":[36,39,63,68,80],"likelihood":[38],"completion,":[41],"completion":[43],"with":[44],"a":[45],"passing":[46],"grade,":[47],"and":[48,65],"receiving":[49],"an":[50],"A":[51],"or":[52],"B.":[53],"These":[54],"estimates":[55],"are":[56,104,107,116],"robust":[57],"across":[58],"estimation":[59],"techniques,":[60],"different":[61,66],"groups":[62],"students,":[64],"types":[67],"classes.":[69],"Accounting":[70],"for":[71,98],"instructor":[74,81],"characteristics":[75],"(including":[76],"through":[77],"use":[79],"effects)":[83],"dampens":[84],"but":[85,115],"does":[86],"not":[87],"fully":[88],"explain":[89],"estimated":[91],"relationships.":[92],"Online":[93],"course-taking":[94],"also":[95],"has":[96],"implications":[97],"downstream":[99],"outcomes,":[100],"although":[101],"these":[102],"smaller.":[105],"Students":[106],"more":[108],"likely":[109,118],"repeat":[111],"taken":[113,129],"online,":[114],"less":[117],"take":[120],"new":[121],"same":[125],"subject":[126],"following":[127],"online.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}