{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2467464172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","title":"Expatriate Languages in Kuwait: Tension Between Public and Private Domains","display_name":"Expatriate Languages in Kuwait: Tension Between Public and Private Domains","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2467464172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","mag":"2467464172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764491083","display_name":"Journal of Arabian Studies","issn_l":"2153-4764","issn":["2153-4764","2153-4780"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Arabian Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007466949","display_name":"Rizwan Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5587-6603","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5587-6603"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rizwan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007466949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92314446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13727","display_name":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","score":0.6894999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13727","display_name":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","score":0.6894999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.30640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13795","display_name":"Language, Communication, and Linguistic Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-policy","display_name":"language policy","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"multilingualism","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic language","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-economy","display_name":"oil economy","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-cooperation-council","display_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kuwait","display_name":"Kuwait","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ministry-of-religious-affairs","display_name":"Ministry of Religious Affairs","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arab-identity","display_name":"Arab identity","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu language","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malayalam","display_name":"Malayalam","score":0.5289999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476713","display_name":"Expatriate","level":2,"score":0.9335696697235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.629167377948761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47972172498703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.4123307168483734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.34805262088775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3318920135498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20975139737129211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18531188368797302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2016.1192767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764491083","display_name":"Journal of Arabian Studies","issn_l":"2153-4764","issn":["2153-4764","2153-4780"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Arabian Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/18537","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/18537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564784693","https://openalex.org/W569303866","https://openalex.org/W593533644","https://openalex.org/W628853591","https://openalex.org/W640755629","https://openalex.org/W849664021","https://openalex.org/W1504455615","https://openalex.org/W1603699530","https://openalex.org/W1606215947","https://openalex.org/W1965246804","https://openalex.org/W1969795594","https://openalex.org/W1982100338","https://openalex.org/W1990600086","https://openalex.org/W2010994950","https://openalex.org/W2015247273","https://openalex.org/W2017251573","https://openalex.org/W2031304816","https://openalex.org/W2043918574","https://openalex.org/W2079040094","https://openalex.org/W2094184621","https://openalex.org/W2118965519","https://openalex.org/W2136742656","https://openalex.org/W2248090291","https://openalex.org/W2334789962","https://openalex.org/W2476772145","https://openalex.org/W2483625315","https://openalex.org/W4240298715","https://openalex.org/W4244020912","https://openalex.org/W4255909688","https://openalex.org/W4399903544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4360977799","https://openalex.org/W2977580043","https://openalex.org/W7204164463","https://openalex.org/W4308983248","https://openalex.org/W7213938719","https://openalex.org/W7099482998","https://openalex.org/W1538829520","https://openalex.org/W2912440465","https://openalex.org/W2162527944","https://openalex.org/W7161571990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Following":[0],"the":[1,7,9,33,43,102,116,129,159,169,182],"rise":[2],"of":[3,75,92,131],"oil-based":[4],"economies":[5],"after":[6],"1950s,":[8],"six":[10],"Gulf":[11],"Cooperation":[12],"Council":[13],"(GCC)":[14],"countries":[15,24],"became":[16,51],"extremely":[17],"attractive":[18],"to":[19,67,181,185,205,208],"workers":[20],"from":[21],"other":[22,145,177],"Arab":[23,186],"and":[25,59,69,82,106,144,147,150],"beyond.":[26],"Initially,":[27],"Arabs":[28],"were":[29,37,47],"a":[30,99,126],"majority":[31],"in":[32,49,65,78,128,154,192],"expatriate":[34,132,174,202],"workforce":[35],"but":[36],"gradually":[38],"outnumbered":[39],"by":[40,63,158,188,198],"Asians.":[41],"Consequently,":[42],"GCC":[44],"countries,":[45],"which":[46,162],"monolingual":[48],"Arabic,":[50],"multilingual,":[52],"with":[53,85,141],"Urdu,":[54],"Malayalam,":[55],"Tagalog,":[56],"Hindi,":[57],"Singhalese,":[58],"Bengali":[60],"used":[61,201],"widely":[62],"expatriates,":[64],"addition":[66],"Arabic":[68],"English.":[70],"Based":[71],"on":[72,134],"an":[73],"analysis":[74],"data":[76],"collected":[77],"Kuwait":[79],"between":[80,101,137,148],"2008":[81],"2011":[83],"combined":[84],"ethnographic":[86],"observations,":[87],"this":[88],"paper":[89],"corroborates":[90],"findings":[91],"previous":[93],"research":[94],"that":[95,112],"there":[96,124],"is":[97,163],"often":[98],"gulf":[100],"official":[103],"language":[104,113],"policies":[105,114,191],"actual":[107],"practices.":[108],"I":[109],"further":[110],"show":[111],"at":[115],"top":[117],"are":[118],"not":[119,164],"monolithic":[120],"either.":[121],"In":[122],"Kuwait,":[123],"was":[125],"disjoint":[127],"use":[130],"languages":[133,203],"two":[135],"levels:":[136],"government":[138,149,178],"institutions":[139,153],"dealing":[140],"religious":[142],"matters":[143],"departments;":[146],"private":[151],"business":[152],"general.":[155],"Driven":[156],"primarily":[157],"Islamic":[160],"faith,":[161],"predicated":[165],"upon":[166],"linguistic":[167],"identity,":[168],"Religious":[170],"Affairs":[171],"Ministry":[172],"utilized":[173],"languages,":[175],"whereas":[176],"bodies":[179],"responded":[180],"perceived":[183],"threat":[184],"identity":[187],"enforcing":[189],"Arabic-only":[190],"public":[193],"institutions.":[194],"Private":[195],"businesses,":[196],"guided":[197],"commercial":[199],"interests,":[200],"freely":[204],"reach":[206],"out":[207],"their":[209],"clients.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}
