{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2465717902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","title":"Determinants of bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","display_name":"Determinants of bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2465717902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","mag":"2465717902","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1761464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140889577","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","issn_l":"0161-7567","issn":["0161-7567","1522-1601","8750-7587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376759","display_name":"David A. Schwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6743-8443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6743-8443","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5352-069X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. A. Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074770373","display_name":"R A Helmers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. A. Helmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110860336","display_name":"Charles S. Dayton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. S. Dayton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035807009","display_name":"Robert K. Merchant","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. K. Merchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090768161","display_name":"Gary W. Hunninghake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. W. Hunninghake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83897168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"5","first_page":"1688","last_page":"1693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10870","display_name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10870","display_name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11026","display_name":"Occupational and environmental lung diseases","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis","display_name":"idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-smoking","display_name":"cigarette smoking","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alveolar-macrophages","display_name":"alveolar macrophages","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophils","display_name":"neutrophils","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eosinophils","display_name":"eosinophils","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pack-years","display_name":"pack-years","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosuppressive-therapy","display_name":"immunosuppressive therapy","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-function","display_name":"lung function","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenesis","display_name":"pathogenesis","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777961210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927148","display_name":"Bronchoalveolar lavage","level":3,"score":0.9065229892730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8855799436569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778341716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2290446","display_name":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","level":3,"score":0.7531278133392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.4826000928878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.4728427529335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.462182879447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.4590628743171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.456798791885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781244666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32446","display_name":"Pulmonary fibrosis","level":3,"score":0.44866710901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780559512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605709","display_name":"Fibrosis","level":2,"score":0.44110092520713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16020263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778553","display_name":"DLCO","level":5,"score":0.4408392608165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4264095425605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75603125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1877462","display_name":"Pulmonary function testing","level":2,"score":0.41608932614326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung function","level":3,"score":0.1887775957584381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165637977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11067835","display_name":"Diffusing capacity","level":4,"score":0.17794057726860046}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001992","descriptor_name":"Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001992","descriptor_name":"Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004804","descriptor_name":"Eosinophils","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007166","descriptor_name":"Immunosuppressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008264","descriptor_name":"Macrophages","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009504","descriptor_name":"Neutrophils","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011658","descriptor_name":"Pulmonary Fibrosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011658","descriptor_name":"Pulmonary Fibrosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140889577","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","issn_l":"0161-7567","issn":["0161-7567","1522-1601","8750-7587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1761464","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1761464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2313400390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OHOOO93-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337382","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4523715730","display_name":"SCOR--OCCUPATIONAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL LUNG DISEASES","funder_award_id":"P50HL037121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6259256783","display_name":"EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VEGETABLE DUST-INDUCED AIRWAY DISEASE","funder_award_id":"K08ES000203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337382","display_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0502a2655"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2406993337","https://openalex.org/W2778331662","https://openalex.org/W2082987800","https://openalex.org/W2391170045","https://openalex.org/W1773573466","https://openalex.org/W1980076321","https://openalex.org/W3156707995","https://openalex.org/W2056244471","https://openalex.org/W2411130954","https://openalex.org/W2092639656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"investigate":[1],"factors":[2,106],"that":[3,107,160,174],"determine":[4],"bronchoalveolar":[5],"lavage":[6],"(BAL)":[7],"cellularity":[8,115,143,166],"in":[9,20,128,167,181,192],"patients":[10,21,70,168,193],"with":[11,22,41,71,84,113,169,194],"idiopathic":[12],"pulmonary":[13],"fibrosis":[14],"(IPF),":[15],"we":[16],"compared":[17],"BAL":[18,47,58,114,142,165],"cells":[19,49],"IPF":[23,42,185],"(n":[24,30,35],"=":[25,31,36],"83)":[26],"to":[27,110,136],"both":[28],"nonsmoking":[29,54],"111)":[32],"and":[33,50,56,60,119,121,144],"smoking":[34,67,86,162,176],"19)":[37],"normal":[38,63],"volunteers.":[39],"Patients":[40],"had":[43],"higher":[44],"concentrations":[45],"of":[46,66,75,90,148,155,184],"total":[48],"alveolar":[51,76],"macrophages":[52],"than":[53,62],"volunteers":[55,64],"more":[57],"neutrophils":[59],"eosinophils":[61,80],"regardless":[65],"status.":[68],"Among":[69],"IPF,":[72],"the":[73,103,122,146,182,190],"numbers":[74],"macrophages,":[77],"neutrophils,":[78],"or":[79,88,151,186],"were":[81,108,116],"strongly":[82,163],"associated":[83,112],"either":[85,145],"status":[87],"pack-years":[89],"cigarette":[91,98,161,175],"smoking.":[92],"In":[93],"fact,":[94],"after":[95],"accounting":[96],"for":[97],"smoking,":[99],"using":[100],"multivariate":[101,133],"analysis,":[102],"only":[104],"additional":[105],"found":[109],"be":[111],"age":[117],"(macrophages":[118],"eosinophils)":[120],"percent":[123],"predicted":[124],"forced":[125],"expired":[126],"volume":[127],"1":[129],"s":[130],"(neutrophils).":[131],"Additional":[132],"models":[134],"failed":[135],"identify":[137],"a":[138,179],"significant":[139],"relationship":[140],"between":[141],"type":[147],"immunosuppressive":[149],"therapy":[150],"other":[152],"physiological":[153],"measures":[154],"lung":[156],"function.":[157],"We":[158],"conclude":[159],"influences":[164],"IPF.":[170,195],"These":[171],"findings":[172],"suggest":[173],"may":[177,187],"have":[178],"role":[180],"pathogenesis":[183],"adversely":[188],"affect":[189],"prognosis":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}