{"id":"https://openalex.org/W24324099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","title":"The morality clauses of the Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions: conflict, compromise and the patent community","display_name":"The morality clauses of the Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions: conflict, compromise and the patent community","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W24324099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","mag":"24324099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutical Medicine, Biotechnology and European Law","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W639076001","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Medicine, Biotechnology and European Law"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054588231","display_name":"Deryck Beyleveld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-4417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-4417"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deryck Beyleveld","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015283742","display_name":"Roger Brownsword","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-6219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-6219"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Brownsword","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089023938","display_name":"Margaret Llewelyn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Llewelyn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":55.3783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99716787,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"157","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.01889999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union-patent-law","display_name":"European Union patent law","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-patent-office","display_name":"European Patent Office","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-dignity","display_name":"human dignity","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-welfare","display_name":"animal welfare","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-harm","display_name":"environmental harm","score":0.8970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.7228055000305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.7087308168411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.7074897289276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200113983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48324","display_name":"Morality","level":2,"score":0.5045815706253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48803773522377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4635421931743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.40394270420074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3493567109107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3306185007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20712542533874512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14917990565299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06492376327514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutical Medicine, Biotechnology and European Law","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W146628894","https://openalex.org/W2032461573","https://openalex.org/W7027038266","https://openalex.org/W2418099778","https://openalex.org/W169143872","https://openalex.org/W2143452336","https://openalex.org/W4366472756","https://openalex.org/W1994558047","https://openalex.org/W2066744228","https://openalex.org/W2466528029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"After":[1],"a":[2,196,203],"decade":[3],"of":[4,19,63,72,93,109,121,132,145,222,233,255],"intensive":[5],"lobbying,":[6],"legislation":[7],"and":[8,38,47,118,142,149,259,261],"litigation,":[9],"the":[10,16,36,56,60,64,69,81,87,91,97,104,107,110,115,122,127,130,143,188,219,238,253],"regulatory":[11,154],"framework":[12,31,155],"in":[13,34,161,165,244],"Europe":[14],"for":[15,100,235,252],"legal":[17],"protection":[18],"biotechnological":[20,236],"inventions":[21],"is":[22,32,168],"now":[23],"taking":[24],"shape.":[25],"The":[26,152],"fundamental":[27],"issue":[28],"within":[29],"this":[30],"whether,":[33],"principle,":[35],"products":[37,208],"processes":[39,251],"associated":[40],"with":[41,182],"modern":[42],"biotechnology":[43,111,167],"(in":[44],"humans,":[45],"animals":[46],"plants)":[48],"are":[49,226],"to":[50,77,157,169,192,202,227],"be":[51,170,228],"treated":[52,171],"as":[53,79,139],"patentable.":[54],"In":[55],"European":[57,82,88],"Union":[58],"(where":[59],"chequered":[61],"history":[62],"recently":[65],"agreed":[66],"Directive":[67],"on":[68,103,126],"Legal":[70],"Protection":[71],"Biotechnological":[73],"Inventions":[74],"stretches":[75],"back":[76],"1988),":[78],"at":[80],"Patent":[83,89],"Office":[84],"(operating":[85],"under":[86],"Convention),":[90],"concept":[92],"patentability":[94],"has":[95],"been":[96],"focal":[98],"point":[99],"debates":[101],"reflecting,":[102],"one":[105],"side,":[106,129],"interests":[108,131,160],"industry":[112],"(aided":[113],"by":[114],"generally":[116],"scientific":[117],"technical":[119,220],"approach":[120],"patent":[123,183],"community)":[124],"and,":[125],"other":[128,176],"various":[133],"constituencies":[134],"concerned":[135],"about":[136],"such":[137],"matters":[138],"human":[140,213],"dignity":[141],"commercialisation":[144],"life,":[146],"animal":[147,262],"welfare":[148],"environmental":[150],"harm.":[151],"emerging":[153],"responds":[156],"these":[158],"competing":[159],"two":[162],"ways.":[163],"First,":[164],"general,":[166],"no":[172,229],"differently":[173],"from":[174,241],"any":[175],"inventive":[177],"science":[178],"that":[179,187],"comes":[180],"forward":[181],"claims.":[184],"Thus,":[185],"provided":[186],"particular":[189,245],"claim":[190],"relates":[191],"an":[193],"invention":[194],"(with":[195],"declared":[197],"industrial":[198],"application)":[199],"rather":[200],"than":[201],"mere":[204],"discovery,":[205],"genetically":[206],"engineered":[207],"\u2013":[209,216],"even":[210],"those":[211],"incorporating":[212],"gene":[214],"sequences":[215],"will":[217,264],"satisfy":[218],"criteria":[221],"patentability.":[223],"Similarly,":[224],"there":[225],"new":[230],"general":[231],"tests":[232],"exclusion":[234],"inventions:":[237],"standard":[239],"exclusions":[240],"patentability,":[242],"concerning":[243],"morality,":[246],"public":[247],"policy,":[248],"essentially":[249],"biological":[250],"production":[254],"plants":[256],"or":[257],"animals,":[258],"plant":[260],"varieties,":[263],"apply.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
