{"id":"https://openalex.org/W242817027","doi":null,"title":"Quest for Equality: Affirmative Action in India","display_name":"Quest for Equality: Affirmative Action in India","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W242817027","mag":"242817027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:242817027","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-210171573/quest-for-equality-affirmative-action-in-india","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764642258","display_name":"Indian journal of industrial relations","issn_l":"0019-5286","issn":["0019-5286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of industrial relations","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063609705","display_name":"Ashwini Deshpande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4819-648X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4819-648X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashwini Deshpande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, #R##N#Delhi School of Economics, #R##N#University of Delhi, #R##N#Delhi 110007"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, #R##N#Delhi School of Economics, #R##N#University of Delhi, #R##N#Delhi 110007","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063609705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"2","first_page":"154","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13894","display_name":"Indian Economic and Social Development","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affirmative-action","display_name":"affirmative action","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caste-system","display_name":"caste system","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/untouchability","display_name":"untouchability","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jati","display_name":"jati","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varna-system","display_name":"Varna system","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservation-policy","display_name":"reservation policy","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-inequality","display_name":"social inequality","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-mobility","display_name":"social mobility","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dalits","display_name":"Dalits","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-stigma","display_name":"social stigma","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-segregation","display_name":"occupational segregation","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equality-of-opportunity","display_name":"equal opportunities","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-exclusion","display_name":"social exclusion","score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caste-discrimination","display_name":"caste discrimination","score":0.335999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779509574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484416","display_name":"Caste","level":2,"score":0.9662107229232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165087160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212926","display_name":"Endogamy","level":3,"score":0.9531511068344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.658798098564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.44765907526016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4430941641330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.3442173898220062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30834275484085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.22952309250831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.22448068857192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22275462746620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2003183364868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.12977898120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:242817027","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-210171573/quest-for-equality-affirmative-action-in-india","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764642258","display_name":"Indian journal of industrial relations","issn_l":"0019-5286","issn":["0019-5286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of industrial relations","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605598112","https://openalex.org/W1995537692","https://openalex.org/W2010802889","https://openalex.org/W2024464435","https://openalex.org/W2063481914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416089627","https://openalex.org/W7217054024","https://openalex.org/W2313765878","https://openalex.org/W4401179659","https://openalex.org/W7223407878","https://openalex.org/W4229626048","https://openalex.org/W3178269712","https://openalex.org/W4402000539","https://openalex.org/W627942464","https://openalex.org/W2487998133"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193,492,512,564],"Background":[1],"As":[2],"is":[3,118,180,186,196,206,218,299,401,412,470,519,525,541,576,584],"well":[4],"known,":[5],"the":[6,24,58,67,70,74,82,96,113,128,134,156,163,166,175,200,212,228,252,290,336,346,359,379,383,386,389,398,407,424,433,441,480,529,535,545,550,587,590,614,626,637,642,646,654,660],"caste":[7,114,129,153,253,294,349],"system":[8,115,158,230,236,254,548],"in":[9,55,274,283,310,339,392,397,549,569,572],"India":[10,570],"consists":[11],"of":[12,69,84,98,127,172,178,237,267,279,343,382,388,394,443,453,466,482,528,534,537,556,589,613,625,645,653,659],"mutually":[13],"exclusive,":[14],"endogamous,":[15],"hereditary,":[16],"occupation":[17,217,320],"specific":[18],"groups.":[19],"In":[20,250,287],"its":[21,56],"ancient":[22],"manifestation,":[23],"roughly":[25],"2500":[26],"year":[27],"old":[28,119],"Varna":[29],"system,":[30,165,435],"there":[31,436,476,575],"were":[32,79,88,364,437],"four":[33],"broad":[34,601],"groups:":[35,602],"brahmins":[36],"(priests":[37],"and":[38,87,139,191,203,216,225,247,277,281,296,307,338,350,415,445,507,523,598,656,663],"teachers),":[39],"kshatriyas":[40],"(warriors,":[41],"often":[42],"royalty),":[43],"vaisyas":[44],"(traders,":[45],"retailers,":[46],"money":[47],"lenders),":[48],"sudras":[49,59],"(manual":[50],"jobs).":[51],"At":[52],"some":[53,340],"point":[54,555],"evolution,":[57],"split":[60],"into":[61,147],"two":[62],"groups,":[63],"giving":[64],"rise":[65],"to":[66,95,121,209,301,314,325,361,406,417,428,501,516,560,641],"group":[68],"ati-sudras":[71],"who":[72],"did":[73],"most":[75,380],"menial":[76],"jobs.":[77],"These":[78],"regarded":[80,89],"below":[81,479],"line":[83,481],"ritual":[85,483],"purity":[86,484],"as":[90,133,140,234,404],"untouchables":[91],"(1).":[92],"First":[93],"references":[94],"practice":[97],"untouchability":[99,109],"can":[100,331],"be":[101,122,232,332,429,456,488,517,561],"seen":[102],"circa":[103],"1020":[104],"AD.":[105],"Thus,":[106,227,385,450,494,574],"even":[107],"though":[108],"arises":[110],"later":[111],"than":[112,221,375],"itself,":[116],"it":[117,185,330,411,426,542],"enough":[120],"considered":[123,489],"an":[124,367,553],"integral":[125],"part":[126],"system.":[130],"Over":[131],"time,":[132],"economy":[135],"grew":[136],"more":[137,402,413],"complex,":[138],"new":[141],"castes":[246],"emerged,":[143],"varnas":[144],"got":[145],"transformed":[146],"jatis,":[148,409,606],"which":[149,362],"are":[150,168,355,477,499],"essentially":[151],"regional":[152],"groupings.":[154],"While":[155],"jati":[157,215,229,566],"shares":[159],"many":[160],"similarities":[161],"with":[162,183,323],"varna":[164,224,399,420],"jatis":[167,179,391,478,497],"not":[169,181,240,256,321,471,633],"clear":[170],"subset":[171],"varnas.":[173],"Even":[174],"exact":[176],"number":[177],"known":[182],"certainty;":[184],"estimated":[187],"somewhere":[188],"between":[189,214,223,244,293,348,448,463],"2000":[190],"3000.":[192],"varna-jati":[194],"link":[195,213,292],"fluid,":[197],"except":[198],"at":[199],"very":[201],"top":[202],"bottom.":[204],"It":[205],"also":[207],"important":[208],"note":[210],"that":[211,222,311,334,431,514,594],"less":[219],"straightforward":[220],"occupation.":[226],"should":[231],"understood":[233],"a":[235,241,302,377,419,451,464,472,508,526,532],"graded":[238],"inequality,":[239],"dichotomous":[242,473],"hierarchy":[243],"upper":[308],"lower":[248],"castes.":[249],"addition,":[251,275],"has":[255],"remained":[257],"static:":[258],"migration,":[259],"emulation,":[260],"isolation,":[261],"segregation,":[262],"occupational":[263],"specialization,":[264],"conversion,":[265],"incorporation":[266],"tribal":[268],"groups--all":[269],"these":[270,315,649],"factors":[271],"have":[272],"resulted":[273],"fission":[276],"fusion":[278],"changes":[282],"their":[284,319,326,395],"relative":[285],"standing.":[286],"contemporary":[288,546],"settings,":[289],"direct":[291],"(jati)":[295],"traditional":[297,327],"occupations":[298],"broken":[300],"large":[303],"extent":[304],"for":[305,423],"middle":[306],"castes,":[309],"individuals":[312],"belonging":[313],"sections":[316],"would":[317,370,487],"choose":[318],"necessarily":[322],"regard":[324],"occupations.":[328],"However,":[329,422],"argued":[333],"despite":[335],"weakening":[337],"cases,":[341],"disappearance":[342],"this":[344,521,558],"link,":[345],"overlap":[347],"status":[351],"persists.":[352],"Polluting":[353],"jobs":[354],"still":[356],"done":[357],"by":[358,544,580,586,636],"they":[363],"traditionally":[365],"assigned:":[366],"unemployed":[368,373],"Brahmin":[369],"rather":[371,374],"remain":[372],"become":[376],"scavenger,":[378],"stigmatized":[381,509],"lot.":[384],"identification":[387],"ex-untouchable":[390],"terms":[393],"placement":[396],"scale":[400],"straightforward,":[403],"compared":[405],"other":[408],"where":[410],"difficult":[414],"controversial":[416],"assign":[418],"tag.":[421],"record,":[425],"needs":[427,515,559,588],"noted":[430],"under":[432],"jajmani":[434],"various":[438],"rules":[439],"governing":[440],"range":[442],"social":[444],"economic":[446,547],"interactions":[447,454,461],"jatis.":[449,467],"variety":[452],"might":[455],"prohibited":[457],"(or":[458],"conversely,":[459],"certain":[460],"allowed)":[462],"set":[465],"Untouchability,":[468],"then,":[469],"concept;":[474],"however,":[475,639],"that,":[485],"traditionally,":[486],"completely":[490],"untouchable.":[491],"problem":[493],"ex-":[495],"untouchable":[496],"(atisudras)":[498],"subjected":[500],"deprivation,":[502],"discrimination,":[503],"oppression,":[504],"violence,":[505],"exclusion":[506],"ethnic":[510],"identity.":[511],"question":[513],"asked":[518],"whether":[520],"discrimination":[522],"deprivation":[524],"legacy":[527],"past,":[530],"viz.,":[531],"result":[533],"accumulation":[536],"historical":[538],"disadvantage":[539],"or":[540],"perpetuated":[543],"present?":[551],"From":[552],"economist's":[554],"view,":[557],"verified":[562],"empirically.":[563],"last":[565],"based":[567],"census":[568],"was":[571],"1931.":[573],"no":[577],"macro-level":[578],"data":[579],"jati.":[581],"Data":[582],"collection":[583],"defined":[585,596],"affirmative":[591],"action":[592],"programme":[593],"initially":[595],"three,":[597],"now":[599],"four,":[600],"Scheduled":[603,617],"Castes":[604,631],"(ex-untouchable":[605],"SC),":[607],"on":[608,620],"average":[609,621],"about":[610,622],"16":[611],"percent":[612,624,652,658],"Indian":[615,627],"population;":[616,628],"Tribes":[618],"(ST),":[619],"7":[623],"Other":[629],"Backward":[630],"(OBCs),":[632],"yet":[634],"counted":[635],"census;":[638],"according":[640],"61st":[643],"round":[644],"NSS":[647],"(2004-05),":[648],"constitute":[650],"43":[651],"rural":[655],"34":[657],"urban":[661],"population":[662],"Others":[664],"(the":[665],"residual;":[666],"everyone":[667],"else).":[668],"\u2026":[669]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
