{"id":"https://openalex.org/W242599990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0003","title":"The Hidden Problem of Time Served in Prison","display_name":"The Hidden Problem of Time Served in Prison","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W242599990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0003","mag":"242599990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/sor.2007.0003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11461281","display_name":"Social research","issn_l":"0037-783X","issn":["0037-783X","1944-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316039","host_organization_name":"New School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316039"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["New School"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045939455","display_name":"Marc Mauer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc Mauer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045939455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86581653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"2","first_page":"701","last_page":"706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-population-growth","display_name":"prison population growth","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decarceration","display_name":"decarceration","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing-policy","display_name":"sentencing policy","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-admissions","display_name":"prison admissions","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternatives-to-imprisonment","display_name":"alternatives to imprisonment","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-courts","display_name":"drug courts","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing-guidelines","display_name":"sentencing guidelines","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parole-revocation","display_name":"parole revocation","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probation-revocation","display_name":"probation revocation","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-widening","display_name":"net-widening","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-sanctions","display_name":"community-based sanctions","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.9365043640136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.610849142074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.6106317043304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.5451459288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5285243988037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43368443846702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.43165791034698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23161992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2922301","display_name":"Hum","level":3,"score":0.430401474237442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.36270928382873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35540539026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25590455532073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2489166259765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0976218581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554144382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156","display_name":"Performance art","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/sor.2007.0003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11461281","display_name":"Social research","issn_l":"0037-783X","issn":["0037-783X","1944-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316039","host_organization_name":"New School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316039"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["New School"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/527540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/527540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244401456","https://openalex.org/W4253003836","https://openalex.org/W2612570103","https://openalex.org/W1570203565","https://openalex.org/W826845752","https://openalex.org/W2978716779","https://openalex.org/W2364813243","https://openalex.org/W2198680435","https://openalex.org/W2786073995","https://openalex.org/W1971281015"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Marc":[0],"Mauer":[1],"The":[2,531],"Hidden":[3],"Problem":[4],"of":[5,51,61,135,154,161,200,204,216,230,245,260,306,324,392,406,426,438,456,470,480,497,504,522,528,533,558,574,677],"Time":[6,514],"Served":[7],"in":[8,48,53,57,104,140,206,228,234,330,351,356,379,388,396,408,422,435,508,516,544,547,553,561,606],"Prison":[9],"A":[10,26,28],"S":[11,12,14,15,36],"E":[13,20,35,38,45],"IN":[16],"G":[17],"T":[18,43],"H":[19,39,44],"P":[21],"O":[22],"L":[23,27],"IT":[24],"IC":[25],"N":[29,41],"D":[30,42],"CULTURAL":[31],"FO":[32],"R":[33],"C":[34],"B":[37],"I":[40],"unprecedented":[46],"increase":[47,378],"the":[49,54,58,62,101,112,127,152,197,201,214,226,303,362,377,380,386,389,403,423,436,454,457,471,477,488,495,501,512,520,526,529,545,549,610,636,675],"use":[50,557,642],"incarceration":[52,229],"United":[55],"States":[56],"late":[59],"decades":[60],"tw":[63],"entieth":[64],"century":[65],"is":[66,158,258,338,374,476,500,680],"a":[67,84,155,159,242,331,440,554,589,619,633],"complex":[68],"undertak\u00ad":[69],"ing.":[70],"If":[71],"we":[72],"are":[73,107,166,248],"to":[74,92,98,110,117,125,131,169,218,341,354,460,466,485,577,615,645,651,668,672],"some":[75,261,357,523],"day":[76],"reverse":[77],"these":[78,325,360,451,688],"trends":[79],"and":[80,89,109,130,171,179,233,238,255,274,302,401,536,683],"move":[81,118],"tow":[82],"ard":[83],"m":[85,163,322,492,601,627],"ore":[86],"hum":[87],"ane":[88],"constructive":[90],"response":[91],"interpersonal":[93],"conflict,":[94],"it":[95],"behooves":[96],"us":[97],"both":[99],"transform":[100],"political":[102],"climate":[103],"which":[105],"policies":[106,221,326],"developed":[108],"identify":[111],"particular":[113,371],"policy":[114],"changes":[115],"necessary":[116],"toward":[119],"decarceration.":[120],"This":[121],"essay":[122],"attem":[123],"pts":[124],"address":[126,132],"latter":[128],"point,":[129],"an":[133,418],"area":[134],"sentencing":[136,220,280,647],"policy\u2014tim":[137],"e":[138,506,594],"served":[139,507,515],"pris\u00ad":[141],"on\u2014that":[142],"has":[143,383,518,569],"received":[144],"far":[145,193,384],"too":[146],"little":[147],"attention.":[148],"At":[149],"its":[150,366],"essence,":[151],"size":[153],"prison":[156,170,189,316,355,363,381,441,462,517,612,673],"system":[157],"function":[160],"how":[162,172],"any":[164,323],"people":[165,407,571],"adm":[167],"itted":[168],"long":[173],"they":[174],"rem":[175],"ain":[176],"there.":[177],"Policymakers":[178],"reform":[180],"ers":[181],"w":[182,416,430,583],"ho":[183],"have":[184,191,209,345,464,551,604],"been":[185,192,346,519],"concerned":[186],"about":[187],"rising":[188],"populations":[190,463],"more":[194],"focused":[195],"on":[196,264],"admissions":[198,353],"side":[199],"equation.":[202],"Areas":[203],"concern":[205],"this":[207,446,653],"regard":[208],"included":[210],"such":[211,563,607],"factors":[212],"as:":[213],"availability":[215],"alternatives":[217],"incarceration;":[219],"that":[222,283,312,321,343,541,663,667],"restrict":[223],"judicial":[224],"discretion;":[225],"rise":[227,387,421],"drug":[231,272,592],"offenders;":[232],"recent":[235,397],"years,":[236],"probation":[237],"parole":[239,310,481],"revocations":[240],"as":[241,334,459,473,564,595,609],"growing":[243],"source":[244],"admissions.":[246],"These":[247],"clearly":[249],"all":[250],"im":[251,262],"portant":[252],"areas":[253],"ofattention":[254],"indeed,":[256],"there":[257,337,344],"evidence":[259],"pact":[263],"diverting":[265],"offenders":[266],"from":[267],"prison.":[268,486],"Such":[269],"examples":[270],"include":[271],"courts":[273],"other":[275,489],"treatm":[276],"ent-oriented":[277],"diversion":[278],"structures,":[279],"guideline":[281],"mechanisms":[282],"encourage":[284,327],"commu\u00ad":[285],"social":[286],"research":[287],"Vol":[288],"74":[289],":":[290,293],"No":[291],"2":[292],"Summer":[294],"2007":[295],"701":[296],"nity-based":[297],"sanctions":[298,308],"for":[299,309,674],"nonviolent":[300],"offenses,":[301],"developm":[304],"ent":[305],"graduated":[307],"violations":[311],"avoid":[313],"lengthy":[314],"new":[315],"terms.":[317],"One":[318,468],"can":[319],"argue":[320],"or":[328,591,643],"result":[329],"net-widening":[332],"effect":[333],"well,":[335],"but":[336],"nonetheless":[339],"reason":[340],"believe":[342],"at":[347,376,525],"least":[348],"modest":[349],"successes":[350],"reducing":[352],"jurisdictions.":[358],"Despite":[359],"successes,":[361],"population":[364,382],"continues":[365],"inex\u00ad":[367],"orable":[368],"rise.":[369],"Of":[370],"note":[372],"here":[373],"th":[375],"outpaced":[385],"num":[390,404,424],"ber":[391,405,425],"felony":[393,427],"convic\u00ad":[394],"tions":[395],"years.":[398],"Between":[399],"1992":[400],"2002,":[402],"state":[409,567],"prisons":[410],"increased":[411],"by":[412],"59":[413],"percent,":[414],"compared":[415],"ith":[417,431],"18":[419],"percent":[420],"convictions.":[428],"And":[429],"virtually":[432],"no":[433],"change":[434],"likelihood":[437],"receiving":[439],"term":[442,613],"upon":[443],"conviction":[444],"during":[445,635],"period,":[447],"neither":[448],"o":[449,581,587,624],"f":[450,582,588,625],"dynamics":[452],"provides":[453],"bulk":[455],"explanation":[458],"why":[461],"continued":[465],"climb.":[467],"part":[469],"explanation,":[472],"was":[474,649],"noted,":[475],"increasing":[478,502],"rate":[479],"violators":[482],"sent":[483],"back":[484],"But":[487],"contributing":[490],"factor,":[491],"uch":[493],"less":[494],"focus":[496,521],"policymaker":[498],"attention,":[499],"length":[503],"tim":[505],"prison,":[509],"particularly":[510],"since":[511],"1990s.":[513],"attention":[524],"extremes":[527],"policy.":[530],"spate":[532],"\"three":[534],"strikes":[535],"you're":[537],"out\"":[538],"poli\u00ad":[539],"cies":[540],"were":[542,585],"enacted":[543],"1990s":[546],"half":[548,580],"states":[550,562],"resulted":[552,605],"truly":[555],"distorted":[556],"correctional":[559],"resources":[560],"California.":[565],"That":[566],"now":[568],"8,000":[570],"serving":[572],"sentences":[573],"25":[575],"years":[576],"life,":[578],"nearly":[579],"hom":[584],"convicted":[586,623],"property":[590],"crim":[593],"their":[596],"third":[597],"strike.":[598],"Similarly,":[599],"federal":[600],"andatory":[602],"penalties":[603],"cases":[608],"55-year":[611],"given":[614],"W":[616,686],"eldon":[617],"Angelos,":[618],"24-year-old":[620],"record":[621],"producer":[622],"three":[626],"arijuana":[628],"sales.":[629],"Because":[630],"Angelos":[631,671],"possessed":[632],"weapon":[634],"transactions\u2014w":[637],"hich":[638],"he":[639],"did":[640],"not":[641],"threaten":[644],"use\u2014the":[646],"judge":[648],"obligated":[650],"impose":[652],"draconian":[654],"sentence.":[655],"Upon":[656],"doing":[657],"so,":[658],"Judge":[659],"Paul":[660],"Cassell":[661],"noted":[662],"\"The":[664],"Court":[665],"believes":[666],"sentence":[669],"Mr.":[670],"rest":[676],"his":[678],"life":[679],"unjust,":[681],"cruel,":[682],"even":[684],"irrational.\"":[685],"hile":[687],"policies...":[689]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}