{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2425535645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","title":"Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries and Turkey: a non-linear panel data approach","display_name":"Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries and Turkey: a non-linear panel data approach","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2425535645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","mag":"2425535645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191005381","display_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","issn_l":"1024-2694","issn":["1024-2694","1476-8267"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/52299","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011229180","display_name":"Duygu Yolcu Karadam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-2003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-2003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48843708","display_name":"Pamukkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01etz1309","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48843708"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duygu Yolcu Karadam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48843708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102992370","display_name":"J\u00fclide Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-6028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-6028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115299","display_name":"TED University","ror":"https://ror.org/0285rh439","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115299"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fclide Yildirim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, TED University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, TED University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115299"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089884194","display_name":"Nadir \u00d6cal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-0587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-0587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadir \u00d6cal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089884194"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94033606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"719","last_page":"730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-spending","display_name":"defense spending","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding-out","display_name":"crowding out","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-effects","display_name":"nonlinear effects","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetric-effects","display_name":"asymmetric effects","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-east","display_name":"Middle East","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkey","display_name":"Turkey","score":0.878000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.8995776772499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7042804956436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.699599027633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5415257811546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4666198492050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.40642571449279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3467981219291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.33532705903053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.30849921703338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09529697895050049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191005381","display_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","issn_l":"1024-2694","issn":["1024-2694","1476-8267"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:defpea:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:719-730","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10242694.2016.1195573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/52299","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/52299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/52299","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/52299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488002548","https://openalex.org/W1498714285","https://openalex.org/W1603636163","https://openalex.org/W1875654495","https://openalex.org/W1969679372","https://openalex.org/W1971761005","https://openalex.org/W1975481215","https://openalex.org/W1981497395","https://openalex.org/W1987987187","https://openalex.org/W1988789713","https://openalex.org/W1989789607","https://openalex.org/W1994190266","https://openalex.org/W1997089116","https://openalex.org/W2003976465","https://openalex.org/W2007893805","https://openalex.org/W2008042958","https://openalex.org/W2008371158","https://openalex.org/W2012395395","https://openalex.org/W2013195812","https://openalex.org/W2014888164","https://openalex.org/W2015078424","https://openalex.org/W2020771475","https://openalex.org/W2021136212","https://openalex.org/W2030777063","https://openalex.org/W2031253946","https://openalex.org/W2032885721","https://openalex.org/W2035082678","https://openalex.org/W2036866513","https://openalex.org/W2048672699","https://openalex.org/W2054808163","https://openalex.org/W2056330406","https://openalex.org/W2059252581","https://openalex.org/W2067888013","https://openalex.org/W2091945455","https://openalex.org/W2112546645","https://openalex.org/W2134414156","https://openalex.org/W2134880316","https://openalex.org/W2136072582","https://openalex.org/W2159573333","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2168168918","https://openalex.org/W2322380850","https://openalex.org/W2325496241","https://openalex.org/W2480118028","https://openalex.org/W2490586730","https://openalex.org/W3021617630","https://openalex.org/W3124989649","https://openalex.org/W3125211645","https://openalex.org/W3145879517","https://openalex.org/W4248735792","https://openalex.org/W4249784625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059252581","https://openalex.org/W2001648136","https://openalex.org/W1971761005","https://openalex.org/W1489346890","https://openalex.org/W2260511684","https://openalex.org/W4379646757","https://openalex.org/W2413746482","https://openalex.org/W7096326694","https://openalex.org/W4413188661","https://openalex.org/W2104635562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"economic":[1,21,35,48,63,73,117,139],"growth":[2,36,49,118,140],"effects":[3,112],"of":[4,11,23,59,113,135,147,154,178,181],"military":[5,24,114,136],"expenditure":[6,25,46,137],"have":[7,76],"been":[8,88],"the":[9,20,57,111,126,133,145,148,152,155,158,176],"subject":[10],"a":[12,77],"large":[13],"literature":[14,43],"in":[15,90,165,174],"defence":[16,45,60],"economics.":[17],"Theories":[18],"on":[19,44,62,93,116,138,157],"impacts":[22],"greatly":[26],"differ":[27],"and":[28,47,123],"include":[29],"arguments":[30],"that":[31,71,83,132,144],"they":[32],"either":[33],"enhance":[34],"or":[37],"crowd":[38],"out":[39],"productive":[40],"investments.":[41],"Empirical":[42],"nexus":[50],"generally":[51],"employs":[52],"linear":[53],"specifications":[54],"to":[55,99,109],"investigate":[56],"impact":[58],"expenditures":[61,115],"growth.":[64],"Although":[65],"it":[66,81],"is":[67,141,161],"now":[68],"well":[69],"established":[70],"many":[72],"variables":[74,171],"may":[75],"non-linear":[78,105],"data-generating":[79],"mechanism,":[80],"seems":[82],"this":[84,101],"reality":[85],"has":[86],"long":[87],"neglected":[89],"empirical":[91],"work":[92],"defence\u2013growth":[94],"nexus.":[95],"This":[96,160],"paper":[97],"attempts":[98],"fill":[100],"gap":[102],"by":[103],"employing":[104],"panel":[106],"data":[107],"models":[108],"examine":[110],"for":[119,125],"Middle":[120],"Eastern":[121],"countries":[122],"Turkey,":[124],"time":[127],"period":[128],"1988\u20132012.":[129],"Results":[130],"show":[131],"effect":[134,153],"nonlinear":[142],"such":[143],"state":[146],"economy":[149],"actually":[150],"determines":[151],"former":[156],"latter.":[159],"important":[162],"not":[163],"only":[164],"showing":[166],"asymmetric":[167],"relationship":[168],"between":[169],"these":[170],"but":[172],"also":[173],"revealing":[175],"reasons":[177],"mixed":[179],"results":[180],"earlier":[182],"literature.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
