{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2417626487","doi":null,"title":"Intra-host evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and viral fitness.","display_name":"Intra-host evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and viral fitness.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2417626487","mag":"2417626487","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:15646063","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The new microbiologica","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004847381","display_name":"Massimo Clementi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-5898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-5898"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154387261","display_name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gmqr298","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154387261"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133214","display_name":"IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele","ror":"https://ror.org/039zxt351","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133214","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Clementi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, IRCCS. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, IRCCS. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154387261","https://openalex.org/I4210133214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062018498","display_name":"Filippo Canducci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-6205","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-6205"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133214","display_name":"IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele","ror":"https://ror.org/039zxt351","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133214","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Canducci","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P Bagnarelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Bagnarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090400174","display_name":"Stefano Menzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-3750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-3750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Menzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2 Suppl 1","first_page":"41","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9247999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9247999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.0658000037074089,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1","display_name":"HIV-1","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intra-host-viral-evolution","display_name":"intra-host viral evolution","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-fitness","display_name":"viral fitness","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasispecies","display_name":"quasispecies","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-resistance","display_name":"antiviral resistance","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-therapy","display_name":"antiviral therapy","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivalent-vaccine","display_name":"multivalent vaccine","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-pathogenicity","display_name":"viral pathogenicity","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c-virus","display_name":"hepatitis C virus","score":0.6899999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14500911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3413375","display_name":"Viral quasispecies","level":4,"score":0.9211329817771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8769409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066554","display_name":"Viral evolution","level":4,"score":0.7433538436889648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.738164484500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.7248036861419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.6528664827346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.5402019619941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.43507134914398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776408679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708693","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus","level":3,"score":0.3942875266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.29360365867614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.12297934293746948}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000220","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016915","descriptor_name":"AIDS Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019380","descriptor_name":"Anti-HIV Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019380","descriptor_name":"Anti-HIV Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D024882","descriptor_name":"Drug Resistance, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:15646063","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The new microbiologica","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irinsubria.uninsubria.it:11383/1879953","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11383/1879953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196351","display_name":"IrInSubria (University of Insubria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","host_organization_name":"University of Insubria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unisr.it:20.500.11768/859","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11768/859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055348","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/36886","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11566/36886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2417626487","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491876634","https://openalex.org/W1981105411","https://openalex.org/W1996322944","https://openalex.org/W1997989026","https://openalex.org/W2019612933","https://openalex.org/W2026044701","https://openalex.org/W2029750649","https://openalex.org/W2029777156","https://openalex.org/W2037805939","https://openalex.org/W2038199465","https://openalex.org/W2063034269","https://openalex.org/W2085806011","https://openalex.org/W2121079692","https://openalex.org/W2128868625","https://openalex.org/W2131859684","https://openalex.org/W2146397496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2471360538","https://openalex.org/W1533918527","https://openalex.org/W7098356363","https://openalex.org/W2146235811","https://openalex.org/W2040231337","https://openalex.org/W1984693724","https://openalex.org/W2574334","https://openalex.org/W52435932","https://openalex.org/W185131516","https://openalex.org/W2182546827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"RNA":[0,90],"viruses":[1,13],"are":[2,14,160],"frequently":[3],"tolerant":[4],"to":[5,38,67,86,96,126,168,181,193,226,237],"high":[6],"levels":[7],"of":[8,42,77,146,171,209,216],"mutagenesis.":[9],"In":[10,201],"contrast,":[11],"DNA":[12],"less":[15],"errorprone":[16],"and":[17,53,102,108,139,152,185,198,231],"coevolve":[18],"along":[19],"with":[20],"their":[21],"specific":[22],"hosts":[23],"over":[24],"long":[25],"time":[26],"periods.":[27],"Although":[28],"both":[29],"strategies":[30,105,167,179,240],"have":[31,123,219],"been":[32,65,124],"successful,":[33],"the":[34,39,74,87,153,169,178,210,228,232],"\"RNA-strategy\"":[35],"(directly":[36],"linked":[37,95],"pathogenic":[40,199,229],"potential":[41],"these":[43],"agents)":[44],"most":[45],"often":[46],"generates":[47],"novelty":[48],"(new":[49],"variants,":[50],"new":[51,55,222,239],"strains,":[52],"even":[54],"viral":[56,99,172,196,217],"pathogens).":[57],"For":[58],"several":[59],"decades,":[60],"intra-host":[61,211],"virus":[62,91,135,142],"evolution":[63,92,184],"has":[64],"considered":[66],"be":[68,158],"a":[69,119],"speculative":[70],"field,":[71],"far":[72],"from":[73],"main":[75],"issues":[76],"clinical":[78],"virology.":[79],"This":[80],"concept":[81],"is":[82,93,204],"now":[83],"changed,":[84],"due":[85],"evidence":[88],"that":[89,155,206],"intimately":[94],"failures":[97],"in":[98,149,163,191],"disease":[100,165],"control":[101,127,166],"prevention.":[103],"Antiviral":[104],"using":[106,113,118],"single":[107,120],"fixed":[109],"elements":[110],"(i.e.":[111],"treatments":[112,148],"one":[114],"antiviral":[115,194,243],"compound,":[116],"immunizations":[117],"recombinant":[121],"protein)":[122],"unable":[125],"highly":[128],"dynamic":[129],"quasispecies,":[130],"such":[131],"as":[132],"human":[133],"immunodeficiency":[134],"type":[136],"I":[137],"(HIV-1)":[138],"hepatitis":[140],"C":[141],"(HCV).":[143],"The":[144,174],"development":[145],"combinatorial":[147],"HIV-1":[150,183],"infection":[151],"recognition":[154],"vaccines":[156],"should":[157],"multivalent":[159],"important":[161],"steps":[162],"adapting":[164],"complexity":[170],"populations.":[173],"present":[175],"report":[176],"summarizes":[177],"adopted":[180],"address":[182],"its":[186],"phenotypic":[187],"consequences,":[188],"including":[189,214],"changes":[190],"susceptibility":[192],"compounds,":[195],"fitness,":[197,218],"potential.":[200],"particular,":[202],"it":[203],"highlighted":[205],"sequence-function":[207],"analyses":[208],"HIV-I":[212],"evolution,":[213],"studies":[215],"opened":[220],"up":[221],"perspectives":[223],"not":[224],"only":[225],"studying":[227],"mechanisms":[230],"virus-host":[233],"relationships,":[234],"but":[235],"also":[236],"designing":[238],"for":[241],"monitoring":[242],"therapies.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}